Psychology 244 Instructor: L.J. Harris PSYCHOLOGY 244 FINAL EXAMINATION Spring‚ 2012 Study Guide Organization of Examination and Samples of Questions that could be made into Multiple-Choice and True-False Questions All questions will come from the lectures and the assigned chapters and parts of chapters in the text. The questions will be organized (as shown below) into the same main headings and subheadings used in the Lecture Notes‚ although some subheadings are different
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Chapter 8: Cognitive Development: Piaget and Vygotsky Cognition is the term used to describe the mental activity through which human beings acquire‚ remember‚ and learn to use knowledge. Cognition includes many mental processes‚ such as perception‚ attention‚ learning‚ memory‚ and reasoning. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development • Piaget made two important observations: o He noticed that children of the same ages tended to get the same answers wrong o He noticed
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Summary/Lecture Organizer | I. STUDYING DEVELOPMENT - Developmental psychology is the study of age-related changes in behavior and mental processes from conception to death (Table 9.1). The chapter takes a topical approach including physical‚ cognitive‚ and social-emotional development.. A. Theoretical Issues – The three most important issues guiding research in human development are: nature versus nurture‚ continuity versus stages‚ and stability versus change. This issue has been an
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are biosocial‚ cognitive‚ and psychosocial. Biosocial focuses on physical growth and development‚ while cognitive focuses on mental growth processes. Psychosocial centers in on emotions and social relationships with the community. Cultural‚ environmental and even hereditary factors can influence human development. There is a vast amount of theories and theorists who have over time attempted to understand how and why human beings develop as they do. In this essay‚ three of these theories will be discussed
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referred to a variety of theories of development and learning. Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) ecological theory considers children’s development within the context of systems of relationships. His theory acknowledges the fact that contexts are continuously changing and that children have impact on their contexts. Another theory is Vygotsksy’s (1978) sociocultural theory‚ suggesting that children’s social and cultural contexts influence their development and learning. His theory acknowledges that guidance
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by the culture or society we live in and the rules that we conform to within this society. In psychology there are many theories around the beliefs of moral development‚ and how morality is developed from childhood to adulthood. The reason for the different theories is due to the methods‚ ways of study adopted by the psychologists to study human behaviour. These theories allow us to compare and gives us the opportunity to take into consideration all views and ideas and not to settle for just one
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BEHAVIORISM AND COGNITIVE THEORIES IN TESOL After decades of development of learning theories‚ many approaches have been inspired and researched basing on the two most popular theories‚ behaviorism and cognitive theories. Because of their diverse significant devotion at a certain period in pedagogical history‚ these theories have been brought on debate over and over‚ to answer the fundamental question of what is learned (Navarick‚ 2002). “The primary difference between these two theories is the emphasis
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Victor the Wild Boy The environment‚ culture beliefs and society make a great impact in the development of a child. A child goes through different stages of social‚ emotional‚ cognitive and physical development. . Throughout the decades‚ children are taught differently and are viewed to behave a certain way depending where they are from. “ We are prepared by both our cultural and biological heritage to use language and other cultural tools and to learn from each other” (Rogoff‚ 2003‚ p.3.) This
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Jean Piaget The work of Jean Piaget greatly influenced the field of early education. This paper will include a brief summary of Jean Piaget’s life‚ description of his major theories or ideas‚ and how those ideas impact early education today. Jean Piaget was born in Switzerland on August 9‚ 1896. His father was a medieval literature professor and his mother was described to be emotionally unstable. Jean was a very intelligent child and took interest in biology and the natural world at an early age
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Discuss Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development (8+16) Vygotsky proposed that children’s development is affected by their culture and social interaction. He also suggested that children are not born with knowledge but they gain it through their social interactions with peers and adults; he does not rule out the importance of biological processes but proposes an interdependent relationship between biological development alongside social activity and cultural interaction. Since language is
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