Magnitogorsk Technical State University Foreign Languages Department № 2 Report: «The History of Accounting» Done: Izhevsky V. Checked: Gamper E.E. Magnitogorsk 2011 Contents - Introduction -- 1. What Is Accounting -- 2. History --- 2.1. Ancient Accounting --- 2.2. Accounting In Mesopotamia --- 2.3. Accounting In Ancient Egypt‚ China‚ Greece and Rome --- 2.4. Medieval Accounting --- 2.5. Italian Renaissance: Birth of Double Entry Bookkeeping ---- 2.5.1. Luca Pacioli Biography
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Usefulness Theory 5 Critical Accounting Theory and Critical Theory 6 System-Oriented Theories 7 Open System Theories 8 Behavioral Decision Theory 9 Legitimacy Theory 10 Political Economy Theory 11 Institutional Theory 12 Stakeholder Theory 13 Agency Theory 14 Normative Theory 15 Public Interest Theory 16 Capture Theory 17 Economic Interest Theory/Private Interest Theory 17 Positive Accounting Theory 18 Chambers ’ Theory of Accounting 19 Trickle Down theory
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95 Chapter 3 Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis SOLUTIONS LEARNING OBJECTIVES Chapter 3 addresses the following learning objectives: LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4 LO5 LO6 Explain the concepts of cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis in decision making Apply CVP calculations for a single product Apply CVP calculations multiple products Describe the assumptions and limitations that mangers consider when using CVP analysis Assess operational risk using margin of safety and operating leverage Analyze the difference
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Commonwealth Company uses a job-order cost system and applies manufacturing overhead cost to jobs using a predetermined overhead rate basedon the cost of materials used in production. At the beginning of the year‚ the following estimates were made as a basis for computing the predetermined overhead rate: manufacturing overhead cost‚$186‚000; direct materials cost‚$155‚000. The following transactions took place during the year (all purchases and services were acquired on account): a. b. c. d. Raw materials
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Introduction Accounting is a very old science as it is strictly related to the first forms of trade in the old world. According to Belkaoui (1992: 22)‚ the Committee on Terminology of American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) defines accounting as follows: "Accounting is the art of recording‚ classifying and summarising in a significant manner and in terms of money‚ transactions and events which are in part at least‚ of a financial character‚ and interpreting the results thereof
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Predicting anticipated cash shortages is vital for a business. Budgeting allows us to gain an understanding of when these cash shortages might arise and how to best manage them. For example predicting a cash shortage ahead of time will allow applications for loans to be made and hopefully approved depending on current financial situations. 3.14 While it is a good idea to have some cash saved for a rainy day having too much can be a negative for a business. For example extra cash can be used for expansion
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Title: Managerial Accounting for Decision Making Assignment 1- GAAP‚ JIT‚ and TOC Question/Prompt Please describe the implications of GAAP in an international company and how JIT and TOC are important to making managerial decisions on inventory and activity based accounting. Please delineate various cost categories and briefly describe each cost type and application within an enterprise. Review of Subject Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is a widely accepted set of rules‚ conventions
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a I/A Accounting Management Accounting 1. Management accounting – Its nature‚ purposes‚ place in general accounting theory‚ role in general and strategic decision making process of management‚ comparisons with other areas of accounting 2. Definitions of cost‚ cost classification‚ cost behaviour 3. Costing issues – Cost accumulation; cost allocation‚ apportionment‚ absorption; overheads‚ overhead absorption rates‚ under and over-recovery of overheads‚ normal and actual costing 4. Absorption
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Intro to accounting Business Activites Financing Investing Operating Types of Financing Equity investors: Stockholders Hope to receive dividends or increase in stock price—no guarantees! Public versus private company Debt investors: Creditors of the business Expect principal and interest payments SEC (Securites and exchange commission) Established in 1933 Requires of public companies: Form 10-K (annually) Form 10-Q (quarterly) Audited financial statements (annually) by an “independent
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Case 3-6 Accounting Standards A. Given the income statement effects of LIFO versus FIFO‚ how will the balance sheet inventory amounts differ between General Motors and Ford versus Honda and Daimler-Benz? In other words‚ will inventory be reported amounts representing recent costs or older historical costs? In your opinion‚ which balance sheet amounts would be more useful to financial statement users in making decisions to buy or sell shares of a company’s stock? Inventory is an asset that
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