Insight learning • Wolfgang Kohler did studies with chimpanzees • Insight learning occurs when one suddenly realizes how to solve a problem • Chimps using boxes to reach banana What Is Learning? Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. Learning resulting from conditioning depends on reinforcement. Reinforcement increases the probability that a particular response will occur. • Classical (or respondent) conditioning and Operant (or instrumental) conditioning
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different behaviors produce different reinforcers. Abbreviated DOE. Discrimination The tendency for a behavior to occur in the presence of certain stimuli‚ but not in their absence. (Cf. generalization.) DOE See differential outcomes effect. Errorless discrimination training A form of discrimination training in which
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fabrics like cotton. If the eczema does not improve‚ medicated ointment from a dermatologist may be needed. Nappy Rash Nappy rash is something that occurs when a baby’s bottom becomes irritated and red. It can occur from diarrhea or even certain nappy brands can cause a rash if your baby has sensitive skin. It is important to keep the skin dry when a rash occurs. Use a rash cream at every change to make sure the skin has a barrier from moisture. It may also be a good idea to let your baby air out in between
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frequent on the leg muscles but can also occur in the hands‚ arms and abdomen. (www.webmd.com) Typically the muscles become very hard and tight. There are many causes of muscle spasms. The most common cause is overuse during athletic activities such as sports or general exercise. Other causes include not stretching the muscle before physical activity‚ dehydration‚ vitamin deficiency‚ and poor circulation in the extremities. Muscle spasms can also occur as side effects to certain medications
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Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? During glycolysis‚ a team of enzymes splits glucose and forms two molecules of pyruvic acid. After investing 2 ATP at the start‚ glycolysis generates 4 ATP directly. More energy is harvested later from high-energy electrons used to form NADH (Simon‚ Reece‚ & Dickey‚ 2010). • What is the role of the citric acid cycle? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? The citric acid cycle takes specific compounds
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association of the consequence of that response. The response will then likely or not likely occur again depending on the consequence of the response. The basic principle behind operant conditioning is that people tend to repeat behaviors that have pleasant consequences‚ and reduce behaviors that have unpleasant consequences. Reinforcement occurs when a consequence strengthens a response‚ or makes it more likely to occur. Positive reinforcement is one type of reinforcement. In positive reinforcement‚
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However‚ person with O type blood can only be injected with O type blood. Blood can be Rh+ (positive) or Rh- (negative)‚ and should not be mixed. An Rh incompatibility often occurs in pregnancies where the mother blood is Rh- and the fetus is Rh+. This causes destruction of red blood cells. An exposure of both bloods can also occur accidentally through transfusion. Martini‚ F.H.‚ and Nath‚ J.L. (2009). Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology. (8th Edition). San Francisco‚ California: Benjamin Cummings
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the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? Glycolysis which mean splitting sugar‚ with oxygen it is the first step in cell respiration‚ without oxygen it allows cells to make ATP which is fermentation. In the process of splitting two molecules of ATP‚ two molecules of pyruvic acid and two electron carrying NADH are produced. • What is the role of the citric acid cycle? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? The role of the citric acid cycle is
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All organisms on earth depend on photosynthesis‚ in which light energy is used to make sugar and other food molecules from carbon dioxide and water. For example‚ plants and other photo-synthesizers need only energy from sunlight‚ carbon dioxide from air‚ and water from the soil to make the sugar glucose. Photosynthesis is the most important chemical process on earth because it provides food for virtually all organisms‚ not only for photo-synthesizers but for the organisms that eat them. Plants can
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with one another but not other organisms outside of the species. (At least most of the time!) Macroevolution vs. Microevolution • Macroevolution is evolution on a scale of separated gene pools. • Macroevolutionary studies focus on change that occurs at or above the level of species‚ in contrast with microevolution‚ which refers to smaller evolutionary changes (typically described as changes in allele frequencies) within a species or population. Macroevolution Part II: Allopatric Speciation
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