A critical look at the Communicative Approach (1) Michael Swan This (the first of two articles) examines some of the more theoretical ideas underlying the ‘Communicative Approach‘. These include the belief that we should teach ‘use’ as well as ‘meaning; and some attitudes regarding the teaching of ‘skills’ and ‘strategies’. A second article will deal with more pedagogical aspects of the approach‚ especially the idea of a ‘semantic syllabus’ and the question of ‘authenticity’ in materials and methodology
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the relationship behveen approach and method and present a model for the description‚ arialysis‚ and comparison of methods. Approach and method When linguists and language specialists sought to improve the quality of language teaching in the late nineteenth century‚ they often did so by referring to general
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The contingency approach to management emerged from the real life experience of managers who found that no single approach worked consistently in every situation. The basic idea of this approach is that number management technique or theory is appropriate in all situations. The main determinants of a contingency are related to the external and internal environment of an organisation. The process‚ quantitative‚ behavioural‚ and systems approaches to management did not integrate the environment. The
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2.1 Introduction The nature of the comparative approach At a basic level the comparative approach is simply one of making comparisons‚ something we do constantly in our everyday lives. Thinking‚ and learning‚ by making comparisons is a very natural and intuitive process for us. We use comparisons extensively in our daily thinking and interactions with people and various objects. However‚ making comparisons is not necessarily easy or without its pitfalls.
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History Research Paper Mrs. Mittelman February 7‚ 2012 Social Darwinism: The Best Approach? During and after the Gilded Age‚ because of the great changes of Industrialization‚ the American government’s involvement in regulating the business world was a hotbed of controversial debate. Some felt that the way to achieve greater economic and social growth and to fix society’s problems was through Social Darwinism and Individualism. Social Darwinism was a theory‚ that what a man worked for was all
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Cognitive approach The cognitive approach focuses on the way information is processed by humans. It looks at how we as individuals treat information and how it leads to responses. Cognitive psychologists study internal processes such as attention‚ language‚ memory‚ thinking and perception. The main assumption of this approach is that in when information is received it is then processed by the brain and this processing directs how we as individuals behave or justify why we behave the way we
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The Gestalt approach was about how people represent a problem in their own minds‚ and how solving a problem involves a reorganization or restructuring of this representation. The first central idea of Gestalt problem solving is how a problem is represented in a person’s mind. This means what do they think about the problem? They would give people a problem and then see how they could figure out how to solve it by restructuring the problem. Then the second idea of Gestalt is insight. Insight is
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Psychology Task 1 The psychodynamic approach includes all the theories in psychology that see human functioning based upon the interaction of drives and forces within the person‚ particularly unconscious‚ and between the different structures of the personality. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) developed a collection of theories which have formed the basis of the psychodynamic approach to psychology. On the other hand behaviourism refers to a psychological approach which places emphasis on scientific as
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Conflicts in an organization * A study of conflicts in 5 organizations Organizational conflict is a state of discord caused by the actual or perceived opposition of needs‚ values and interests between people working together. Conflict takes many forms in organizations. There is the inevitable clash between formal authority and power and those individuals and groups affected. There are disputes over how revenues should be divided‚ how the work should be done and how long and hard people should
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Introduction Since the time of Enlightenment‚ Western ideas of health have been dominated by the biomedical approach. The basis on which these opinions are founded is that an individual is not responsible for their illness and that the mind and body work separately from each other. Health‚ in the eyes of this approach can be deemed as simply the absence of disease. Part of the reason this vision of health has dominated so much‚ is that it’s practiced by the majority of the health professionals and
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