an integrity of purpose‚ which is to say a critical spirit‚ patriotism in the proper sense of the word‚ respect for the rights of others‚ reasoned devotion to the national community‚ "virtue" in the language of Montesquieu‚ Rousseau and Robbespierre. "The soul of the Republic‚" wrote Robbespierre in 1792‚ "is virtue‚ love of country‚ the generous devotion that fuses all interests into the general interest" (pp. 219 220). Perhaps the reader in the late 20th century --- some fifty years after Lefebvre
Premium Political philosophy United States Republic
In the framework of human politics utilitarianism loses its normative fundamentals. Yes‚ on an abstract level utilitarianism is objective‚ unbiased and neutral. But when humans apply it as a tool they corrupt it with their innate biases passed onto them by their environmental influences no matter how much they attempt to separate
Premium Scientific method Psychology Science
THE ANTECEDENTS OF THE THEORIES OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS History and Background International business is a broad term‚ collectively used to describe all commercial transactions (private‚ government and semi-government) that take place between two or more nations. International business is a newly coined term‚ but the concept is quite traditional. Actually‚ the term international business is derived from “international trade”. In ancient days‚ producers of a country used to export their surplus
Premium International trade
& Legal Theory Utilitarianism: Pros and Cons Random House Dictionary defines utilitarianism as “the ethical doctrine that virtue is based on utility‚ and that conduct should be directed toward promoting the greatest happiness of the greatest number of persons. The father of utilitarianism‚ Jeremy Bentham believed that all human beings are motivated by minimizing pain and maximizing pleasure; therefore morality and justice should be determined on those same grounds. Utilitarianism teaches that
Free Utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham Ethics
Alchemy is a seemingly magical process of transformation‚ creation‚ or combination that was eventually replaced by chemistry. During his psychological advancements‚ Carl Jung began to learn about alchemy due to his theories of the self and individuation A major concept of alchemy is spiritual transformation‚ which is similar to the process of change from psychic sleep to awakening and the stages of the journey. Jung later began to call this process individuation. Opposites play a role both in alchemy
Premium Alchemy Chemistry Chemical element
life after the death of a loved one‚ or even working hard to pay your monthly bills. In Ancient times‚ courage was considered to be one of the four essential virtues in life: wisdom‚ courage‚ temperance and justice. Courage is one of the most important qualities in a man because without it‚ he will not be able to show his other virtues. You cannot buy courage or get it from someone else. You can only be inspired by the examples of other people. All in all‚ courage is not just a gained state
Premium Virtue Courage Soul
Consequentialists are a group of philosophers who asses whether an act is right or wrong based on the consequences of the action. There are different types of consequentialism including: ethical egoism‚ act-utilitarianism and rule-utilitarianism. These three branches of consequentialism will be discussed later in this paper. A supererogatory act is something that is good but is not obligatory; these acts involve rendering aid to others that go above moral requirement. Consequentialists claim that
Premium Ethics Utilitarianism Deontological ethics
Act and Rule Utilitarianism There are a lot of differences and similarities between act and rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarian supports the principle of utility must be applied to each individual situation. The rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by its usefulness. This was Bentham’s idea when he established that pleasure and pain was important qualities for determining what was morally right or wrong. With Act Utilitarianism‚ you must decide what action will bring the greatest
Premium Utilitarianism Ethics Morality
East Meets West: Toward a Universal Ethic of Virtue for Global Business Some Western cultures operate upon an individualistic rights-centered morality‚ while Eastern cultures favor a more community-centered ethic of virtue (Wong 1984). There is no universal ethic. In particular‚ it is recognized that the Western thinker Aristotle and his virtue ethic strongly resembles that of the Eastern thinker Confucius. This similarity suggests that a universal virtue ethic may already exist in the form of a powerful
Premium Virtue Ethics Virtue ethics
differences‚ and similarities in both the psychologists‚ it is deeming necessary to understand both of them in individual context and their history together. To start the research I will first try to explore the two theorists separately‚ their contributions and philosophies about their said school of thoughts. Later‚ I will compare them‚ their similarities and differences. And to conclude I would try to emphasize on the changes what Alder brought upon the more basic and primitive theories of Freud. As
Premium Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis Psychology