NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES EXPECTATIONS OF RETURNS AND EXPECTED RETURNS Robin Greenwood Andrei Shleifer Working Paper 18686 http://www.nber.org/papers/w18686 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge‚ MA 02138 January 2013 We thank Yueran Ma for outstanding research assistance and Josh Coval‚ Jared Dourdeville‚ Sam Hanson‚ Owen Lamont‚ Stefan Nagel‚ Joshua Schwartzstein‚ Adi Sunderam‚ Annette Vissing-Jorgensen‚ Jessica Wachter‚ Fan Zhang and seminar participants
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What is Motivation? Buchanan defines motivation as follows: "Motivation is a decision-making process‚ through which the individual chooses the desired outcomes and sets in motion the behaviour appropriate to them". How does motivation differ from "motives" Buchanan defines motives as: "learned influences on human behaviour that lead us to pursue particular goals because they are valued". Motivation can therefore be thought of as the degree to which an individual wants AND chooses to engage in certain
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four (4) theories of the press‚ which one adequately represents the situation in Trinidad &Tobago? In 1956‚ three professors of communication; Fred S. Siebert‚ Theodore Peterson and Wilbur Schramm‚ published their Four Theories of the Press which went a long way in establishing a classification in the minds of students and educators of journalism. The book was originally published to help give historical‚ philosophical and international perspective of the press. The four theories were namely
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Head: | Labeling Theory | Labeling Theory Stacie O ’Reilly Miller-Motte Lisa Bruno October 20‚ 2012 Abstract According to the works of Frank Tannenbaum‚ Howard Becker‚ Edwin Lemert and the Labeling Theory‚ career criminals are often created by our juvenile justice system and by our society and their labeling of juveniles who have been convicted of committing a deviant act. These youngsters are often labeled as ’juvenile delinquents ’. The Labeling‚ not the juvenile ’s characteristics
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this paper is to examine two theoretical approaches from communication theory. Two theories I have selected to inform the reader are Technological Determinism and Genderlect Styles Theories. To my knowledge the reader has no idea of how these two communication theories operate. I will use the knowledge from class lectures and materials such as scholarly articles and online research to inform the reader of how these two theories can be effective in their communication skills. To gain a better understanding
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"Declaratory theory is propounded on the belief that judges’ decisions never make law‚ rather they only constitute evidence of what the law is. However‚ this view is no longer accepted. There are three reasons for the persistence of the declaratory theory. In the first place‚ it appealed in the separation of powers. Secondly‚ it concealed the fact that judge-made law is retrospective in its effect and finally‚ when the judges confronted with a new‚ unusual‚ or different point‚ they tend to present
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The Theory Of Obedience The purpose of this essay is to describe and evaluate Milgram ’s theory on obedience. The essay will outline the theory‚ the famous experiment‚ the findings from the experiment‚ and the subsequent studies that have strengthened and weakened the plausibility of the theory. What is the Theory Of Obedience? Milgram (1974) stated: ’A substantial proportion of people do what they are told to do‚ irrespective of the content of the act and without limitations of conscience
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Piaget’s Developmen Theory in the Classroom Education was shaped by many people‚ especially Jean Piaget. He was a Swiss born developmental psychologist. His theory cognitive development caused a new revolution in thinking about how thinking develops (Snyder‚ 2008). His theory consists of four stages of cognitive development: Sensorimotor stage‚ Preoperational stage‚ Concrete-operational stage and Formal operational stage (Snyder‚ 2008). Sensorimotor Stage is the stage of newborns where all they
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Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of human needs Abraham Harold Maslow was born April 1‚ 1908 in Brooklyn‚ New York. on June 8‚ 1970 at the age of 62 Maslow passed away when he suffered a severe heart attack. He was the first of seven children born his parents pushed him hard for academic success. He married Bertha Goodman‚ his first cousin they moved to Wisconsin so that he could attend the University of Wisconsin where He became interested in psychology. He was soon well-known for his conceptualization
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Running Head: Leadership Theories 1 Leadership Theories Leadership Models and Theories 2 Leadership Theories According to Daft (2008‚ p.20) leadership typically reflects the larger society‚ and theories have evolved as norms‚ attitudes‚ and understandings in the larger world of change
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