discuss how concentration ratios are used to determine total market shares within four specific industries. I will also discuss the levels of competition within those industries and how oligopolies can benefit society. Case‚ Fare‚ and Oster defines concentration ratio as the share of industry output in sales or employment accounted for by the top firms (2009). They are used to measure the total output produced by a certain number of firms within an industry. Four-firm concentration ratios
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Nitric acid is a highly reactive oxidizing agent used in making fertilizers‚ explosives‚ and rocket fuels‚ and in a wide variety of industrial metallurgical processes. It is also a component of acid rain. Its chemical formula is HNO3 and it has been known as “aqua fortis”‚ which means strong water‚ to alchemists. It is a transparent‚ colorless to yellowish‚ fuming corrosive liquid. Nitric acid is a strong acid and therefore it completely dissociates in water. It has a gravity of 1.41 and the concentration
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Runninghead: IP 1 Individual Project Unit 3 BUS305-0804A-07 Concentration Ratio Economists use concentration ratio to measure the degree of concentration in a market‚ computed as the percentage of the market output produced by the largest firms (O’Sullivan‚ Sheffrin‚ & Perez. 2008). One of predominantly concentration ratio used is the Four Firm Concentration Ratio. Four Firm Concentration Ratio isthe percentage of total output in a market produced by the four largest firms. In considering
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DCP + CE: An Analysis of Iron Tablets |Pipette Solution |Iron (II) solution | |25 cm3 | |Burette Solution |Potassium Manganate (VII) |0.01 moldm-3 | | | |Trial |1 |2 |3 | | |Burette Readings |Final |11
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Analysis of commercial vitamin C tablets Objective To determine the vitamin C content in commercial vitamin C tablets by titration between vitamin C (ascorbic acid) & iodine solution. Hence‚ compare this data with the manufacturer ’s specification. Principle In this analysis‚ certain amount of iodine solution‚ which is known in excess‚ is added to acidified ascorbic acid solution. Brown iodine can be easily reduced by acidified ascorbic acid to form colourless iodide ion:
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Vol. 1 ACETIC ACID 115 ACETIC ACID 1. Introduction Acetic acid [64-19-7]‚ CH3COOH‚ is a corrosive organic acid having a sharp odor‚ burning taste‚ and pernicious blistering properties. It is found in ocean water‚ oilfield brines‚ rain‚ and at trace concentrations in many plant and animal liquids. It is central to all biological energy pathways. Fermentation of fruit and vegetable juices yields 2–12% acetic acid solutions‚ usually called vinegar (qv). Any sugar-containing sap or juice can
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(or iron oxide) forms: • Howstuffworks.com. (2009). How does rust work? Retrieved April 3‚ 2009‚ from http://www.howstuffworks.com/question445.htm These sources describe what acid rain is: • Buchdahl‚ J. (2003). Acid rain. Retrieved April 3‚ 2009‚ from http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/kids/acidrain.html • Acid Rain Students Site. (n.d.). Retrieved April 3‚ 2009‚ from http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/education/site_students/index.html For help creating bar charts‚ try this website: • National
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Chemicals Vitamin C tablet‚ (1) standard 0.0110 M potassium iodate (KIO3) solution‚ (100 cm3) standard 0.060 M sodium thiosulphate solution‚ (Na2S2O3‚ 160 cm3) 1 M potassium iodide solution‚ (KI‚ 20 cm3) 0.5 M H2SO4‚ (150 cm3) freshly prepared starch solution. Apparatus Titration apparatus Principle In this experiment you are required to determine the vitamin C content of a commercial tablet and compare this with the manufacturers specification. Vitamin C is ascorbic acid‚ which is rapidly and quantitatively
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Niacin (vit. B3) 0.282 mg (2%) Pantothenic acid (B5) 0.25 mg (5%) Vitamin B6 0.06 mg (5%) Folate (vit. B9) 30 μg (8%) Choline 8.4 mg (2%) Vitamin C 53.2 mg (64%) Vitamin E 0.18 mg (1%) Calcium 40 mg (4%) Iron 0.1 mg (1%) Magnesium 10 mg (3%) Manganese 0.025 mg (1%) Phosphorus 14 mg (2%) Potassium 181 mg (4%) Zinc 0.07 mg (1%) Since orange is a citrus fruit‚ it has 0.005 mol/L citric acid. Citric acid is a weak organic acid with the formula C6H8O7. It is a natural preservative/conservative
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Acid: A chemical substance (typically‚ a corrosive or sour-tasting liquid) that neutralizes alkalis‚ dissolves some metals‚ and turns litmus red. Ionic Dissociation: Dissociation in chemistry and biochemistry is a general process in which ionic compounds (complexes‚ or salts) separate or split into smaller particles‚ ions‚ or radicals‚ usually in a reversible manner. Strength of Acids: The strength of an acid refers to its ability or tendency to lose a proton. There are very few strong acids. A
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