This is an extract from: Byzantine Garden Culture edited by Antony Littlewood‚ Henry Maguire‚ and Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn published by Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection Washington‚ D.C. © 2002 Dumbarton Oaks Trustees for Harvard University Washington‚ D.C. Printed in the United States of America www.doaks.org/etexts.html The Vienna Dioskorides and Anicia Juliana Leslie Brubaker Dioskorides of Anazarbos‚ a physician and pharmacologist‚ wrote the Materia medica
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Europe. My kindness and fairness was unparalleled in the whole history of the Ottoman Empire. My military genius was unsurpassed throughout the whole of history. I succeeded where my great-grandfather Mehmed II‚ the same man who conquered Constantinople‚ had failed. I conquered Belgrade by taking out their only major ally: Hungary. Hungary was the last formidable force that stood between me and the rest of Europe. By the end of my life‚ I had doubled the size of the empire to about two billion
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At the head of the Ottoman Empire was the sultan‚ as they are called Islamic rulers who helped him viziers‚ ministers responsible for government tasks; While the rest of the population‚ a privileged group played government positions in the capital of the Empire one of its provinces‚ in the military or as a religious minister and others in various activities such as agriculture‚ livestock and trade. As cultural diversity Ottoman Empire (population up by pardons from different cultures‚ who speak several
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The Umayyads tried to convert the Islamic conquests into a secular state. The Umayyad caliphs extended the territories of Islam to the walls of Constantinople‚ the borders of China‚ and along the southern coast of the Mediterranean to Spain. The Umayyads attempted to maintain a strictly Arab elite within their state. As the number of non-Arab converts to Islam grew‚ dissatisfaction with the concept of Arab—especially Quraysh—dominance festered. Demands for greater equality among all Muslims coalesced
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Renaissance movement. The Mongol Invasion of Europe may not have directly caused the Renaissance movement‚ but it was a necessary tool. The Renaissance would have likely not happened‚ because learning and trade would have stayed in Byzantium and Constantinople. The Mongols were a big deal‚ and had bigger ripples.
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key positions and trained soldiers. Part of the Mughals success was because competing powers could not afford to buy or make guns or train and maintain an army. The Ottomans‚ first under Selim and through to Suleiman the Magnificent captured Constantinople and were powerful in the Eastern Mediterranean with the use of gunpowder and firearms. Suleiman’s conquest of
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The Roman Empire and Persian Empire were some of the greatest civilizations of all time. There were many similarities in how these civilizations rose to power and how they fell from it. Among these were the over-expansion of territory which led to many problems that built up to their downfall and a similar political system that made local rebellions minimal. However the way in which these civilizations chose to try and correct their flaws is quite different. One of the biggest factors
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Throughout the ages there have been many important events‚ times crucial to the outcome of the future with regards to a very large portion of the population or a continent. The results of the Greco-Persian wars were so important that the defeat of Greece could easily have meant the loss of western civilization to the Orient. The fact that Alexander’s army refused to cross into India meant the prevention of harmful religions such as Hinduism entering into a knowledge-rich Asia Minor‚ or a philosophy-defined
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The Roman Empire was a great empire full of riches‚ a massive army‚ and a wide area of land‚ but they also were plagued by disease‚ poverty and corruption. After many years of Roman rule the empire lost its final battle. Luckily the Roman dream was preserved through many new empires‚ events and groups of people which included the Muslims‚ the Catholic Church‚ the Barbarian invasion‚ and the Byzantium Empire. These people and events influenced the way Western civilization has developed today. One
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stalemate was the only way to go. Germany considered Turkey‚ to be one of its most valuable allies and was enticed to the idea of a triumph blow against it. The original plan was having British warships sweep through the Dardanelles strait‚ attack Constantinople and force Turkey out of war. During that time Britain was known to having the most powerful navy and the idea seemed effective. However things got on the wrong turn‚ when in March 1915‚ as the British and French ships entered the strait‚ where
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