The Contingency Approach: Y. Y^ -a . . ’ ^ 1 i^-^ .g ^ ‚ The Contingency Its l^oundations and Relevance A poc p r ah to Theory Building and Research in Marketing by Valarie A. Zeithaml Duke University‚ Durham‚ North Carolina‚ P. "Rajan" Varadarajan Texas A&M University‚ and Carl P. Zeithaml University of North Carolina‚ Chapel Hill Introduction During the 1960s‚ management theory and research began to adopt a new orientation‚ one that embodied a remarkably simple concept
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System approach theory A system is a combination of things or parts forming a complex or a unitary whole aimed at working together to achieve a common purpose. This approach was used to integrate various management schools; it mainly aimed at job managing. With this approach‚ an organization was to divide itself into manageable systems forming a whole so as to be able to fully increase the workers’ productivity and issues for successful results. Managing jobs and provide a framework for visualizing
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Fiedler’s Contingency Model: Fred E. Fiedler was one of the first leadership researchers to acknowledge that effective leadership is dependent on the characteristics of the leader and the situation. The contingency model helps to explain why a manager may be an effective leader in one situation and ineffective in another. The contingency model also shows which managers are likely to be most effective in what situations. It is said by Fiedler‚ that personal characteristics can influence leader effectiveness
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One pioneer who was instrumental in moving organization theory to the contingency approach was Joan Woodward‚ who studies the effect of technology on the organization. Woodward found that many variations in organization structure were associated with differences in manufacturing techniques. As Woodward pointed out: "Different technologies imposed different kinds of demands‚ and these demands had to met through an appropriate structure. Commercially successful firms seemed to be those in which function
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CONTINGENCY THEORY Contingency Theory is a class of behavioral theory that claims that there is no best way to organize a corporation‚ to lead a company‚ or to make decisions. Instead‚ the optimal course of action is contingent (dependent) upon the internal and external situation. The leading practitioners of which were Tom Burns‚ Joan Woodward‚ Paul Lawrence‚ Jay Lorsch‚ and Fred Fiedler‚ an otherwise theoretically eclectic group who were nevertheless united in their belief that no single organizational
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Week 2 – 2hr Workshop - Contingency KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS Contingency: a theory meaning one thing depends on other things. Contingency approaches: approaches that seek to delineate the characteristics of situations and followers and examine the leadership styles that can be used effectively. Fiedler’s contingency model: a model designed to diagnose whether a leader is task-oriented or relationship-oriented and match leader style to the situation. Situational theory: Hersey and Blanchard’s
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Fiedler’s Contingency Theory Proposed by the Austrian psychologist Fred Edward Fiedler (1922- ). The contingency model emphasizes the importance of both the leader’s personality and the situation in which that leader operates. A leader is the individual who is given the task of directing and coordinating task-relevant activities‚ or the one who carries the responsibility for performing these functions when there is no appointed leader. Fiedler relates the effectiveness of the leader to aspects
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FIEDLER CONTINGENCY MODEL The Fiedler contingency model is a leadership theory of industrial and organizational psychology developed by Fred Fiedler (born 1922)‚ one of the leading scientists who helped his field move from the research of traits and personal characteristics of leaders to leadership styles and behaviours. Two factors The first management style‚ Taylorists‚ assumed there was one best style of leadership. Fiedler’s contingency model postulates that the leader’s effectiveness
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Fiedler’s Contingency Model The question that might come to the mind of a person: What is your natural leadership style? Do you focus on completing tasks‚ or on building relationships with your team? Have you considered that this natural leadership style might be more suited to some situations or environments than it is to others? We can get answers through the leadership model. For that purpose we will be dealing with fielder leadership model. Understanding the Model: Here‚ "contingency" is a situation
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Fiedler Contingency Model The contingency theory allows for predicting the characteristics of the appropriate situations for effectiveness. Three situational components determine the favourableness of situational control: 1. Leader-Member Relations‚ referring to the degree of mutual trust‚ respect and confidence between the leader and the subordinates. To build a strong team‚ there should be a great relationship among the employee‚ manager and the general manager because it is the foundation
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