Psychological Questions: nature / nurture • What does intelligence define? • Why do we dream • Can babies think? • In what ways are all humans alike? Psych: • The scientific study of behaviors & mental processes o Bridges natural and social science Behavior: anything an organism does Mental Processes mental subjective experiences that we infer from experience o Evaluation of ideas. 8 psychological perspectives: • Neural Explanations: increase/decrease w/ neurons in the brain • Genetic
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as being the way animals learn. In general there are four things that change behaviors: positive reinforcement‚ negative punishment‚ positive punishment and negative reinforcement. Compare and Contrast Positive and Negative Reinforcement Positive reinforcement is after a behavior occurs something is added to the environment causing the behavior to occur. An example of positive reinforcement is when one asks a dog to sit and the dog obeys the owner gives the dog a treat. The dog will be
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3/1/2013 LEARNING ABOUT STIMULI LEARNING • Habituation is a form of adaptive learning; organisms stop paying attention to stimuli that are often repeated and that don’t signal any important environmental events. • According to the opponent-process theory‚ habituation to repeated stimuli causes two processes. MEMBERS: ARJINDER SINGH ROAR (SC-KL-00037774) LEY SHAHRWIND A/L AGILAN (SC-KL-00040703) LORETTA AMELIA BARERO PADUA (SC-KL-00040935) SANJIV A/L M.RAJESWARAN (SC-KL-00040927) THE 2 PROCESSES
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Brittany Borcherdt EDU 4100; Tuesday 3:30-‐6:30 MIDTERM ASSIGNMENT‚ PART 1 November 6‚ 2011 The humanistic approach to teaching is rooted in the philosophy that a student’s emotional state of being is inextricable from his or her cognitive state. Therefore‚ a constructive learning environment addresses the
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presentation of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. If the conditioned stimulus follows the unconditioned stimulusfor example‚ if the dog receives the food before the bell is rungconditioning seldom occurs. Shaping Shaping is a reinforcement technique that is used to teach animals or people behaviours that they have never performed before. In this method‚ the teacher begins by reinforcing a response the learner can perform easily‚ and then gradually requires more and more difficult
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event may be. Reinforcement and Punishment: Reinforcement increases the likelyhood of the behaviour repeating. Giving a dog a treat for coming in after going to the bathroom outside. Removing chores when a teenager obeys their curfew. Punishment decreased the likelyhood of the behaviour repeating. Giving a child time-out for hitting a kid in class. Continuous Versus Partial Reinforcement The behaviour could likely stop as well. Schedules of Reinforcement Giving reinforcement
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reinforced every time it occurs‚ continuous reinforcement is involved. More common are partial reinforcement schedules. Fixed-ratio schedules reinforce behavior after a set number of responses; variable-ratio schedules provide reinforcers after an unpredictable number of responses. Fixed-interval schedules feature an equal pause after each reinforcer‚ and variable-interval schedules reinforce the first response after varying time intervals. Like reinforcement‚ punishment is most effective when
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HRD NOTES [BBA-2nd YEAR UNIT-1 Kolb learning styles David Kolb’s learning styles model and experiential learning theory (ELT) Having developed the model over many years prior‚ David Kolb published his learning styles model in 1984. The model gave rise to related terms such as Kolb’s experiential learning theory (ELT)‚ and Kolb’s learning styles inventory (LSI). In his publications - notably his 1984 book ’Experiential Learning: Experience As The Source Of Learning And Development’ Kolb acknowledges
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which reinforcement (punishment) is given based upon the occurrence of a specific behavior. * There are two types of reinforcers‚ positive and negative. A positive reinforce is used to increase the likelihood that the given behavior will occur. A negative reinforcer is taking a specific stimulus away activating the possibility that the given behavior will occur. * Reinforcements are applied in two different variants‚ the first being a continuous process; the other type being intermittent. *
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EDP 201-Midterm Study Guide Chapter One: No Child Left Behind (NLCB)- requires that all students in grades 3-8 must take standardized achievement tests in reading and mathematics every year‚ in addition‚ one more exam will be required in high school. 2007-science test was added. Based on test scores schools are judged to determine if their students are making Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) toward becoming proficient in the subjects tested. All students must reach proficiency by the end of the
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