(SERM) ON VOIDING FUNCTION AND P2X RECEPTOR EXPRESSION IN THE FEMALE RAT TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations Page 6 Abstract Page 6 Study 1 Page 10 Introduction Page 10 Menopause and the overactive bladder Page 10 Estrogens for the treatment of OAB in post menopausal women Page 12 SERM and tamoxifen Page 15 Materials and methods Page 17 Assigning rats into 4 (acute) week and 24 (chronic) week sham and OVX groups and drug treatment
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infection can be in the bladder‚ kidneys‚ ureters‚ or the urethra. If the infection is in the bladder it is called cystitis or a bladder infection. If the infection is in the kidneys is it called pyelonephritis or a kidney infection. If the infection is in the urethra it is called urethritis. Most urinary tract infections are bladder infections. Infections in the ureters are very rare. UTIs are caused by germs‚ usually bacteria that enter the urethra and then the bladder. Most of the time‚ your
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MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: List 4 common symptoms of pneumonia the Tachypnea‚ fever with chills‚ productive cough‚ nurse might note on a physical exam. bronchial breath sounds. State 4 nursing interventions for assisting Deep breathing‚ fluid intake increased to 3 liters/ the client to cough productively. day‚ use humidity to loosen secretions‚ suction airway to stimulate coughing. What symptoms of pneumonia might the nurse expect to see
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One of the most embarrassing and uncomfortable diseases is urinary incontinence. Urinary Incontinence can be defined as a medical condition in which the patient loses the control of the bladder. Generally‚ it is more common in women more than men. Fifty to eighty percent of the elderly are affected by urinary incontinence. Depending on the condition the leakage varies from a small dribble to a large quantity of urine. There are about three to six million people with urinary incontinence in the UK
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THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF CHICKEN In most livestock‚ teeth function to grind feed into smaller particles. Birds must pass feed usually whole into the esophagus because they do not have teeth. Therefore‚ particles of poultry feed should be small enough to pass through the esophagus. Feed passes from the mouth and through the precrop esophagus to the crop. If the proventriculus and gizzard are full‚ feed is stored in the crop. Feed is also moistened in the crop. Feed passes from the crop through the
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“The Urinary System” The Urinary System is a group of organs in the body concerned with filtering out excess fluid and other substances from the bloodstream. The organs included in the urinary system are the kidneys‚ ureters‚ bladder‚ and urethra. The kidneys are two bean-shaped‚ reddish brown organs about the size of your fist. The renal capsule‚ a tough capsule of fibrous connective tissue‚ covers the kidneys. The ribcage protects the kidneys which are located in the back just above the
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The reproductive system is a collection of internal and external organs (male and female) that work together for the purpose of recreating. Many scientists argue that the reproductive system is the most important system in the body. Without the reproductive system we would not be able to reproduce. 1 For the male reproductive system there are two major parts: testes‚ where the sperm is produced and the penis. In males the penis and urethra belong to both the urinary system and reproductive system
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Cystitis is a chronic disease of the bladder that is caused by deficiencies in the lining of the bladder‚ which allow irritants in the urine to leak through the coating of the bladder into the interstitium where all the nerves and nerve endings are located. Cystitis is a common type of urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by bacteria call Escherichia coli usually it occurs when then urethra and bladder become infected the area becomes irritated and inflamed. Cystitis is common in both sexes and all
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blabber and urethra. The kidneys produce the urine and account for the other functions attributed to the urinary system. The ureters convey the urine away from the kidneys to the urinary bladder‚ which is a temporary reservoir for the urine. The urethra is a tubular structure that carries the urine from the urinary bladder to outside of the body. WHAT DO NORMAL KIDNEYS DO? * Remove extra water. * Remove waste products. * Balance chemicals in the body. * Help control blood pressure.
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to men - City/ Urban centers housed merchants‚ weavers‚ potters‚ masons‚ servants‚ laborers‚ & slaves - Smelting/ Manufacturing/ Iron Tools= PROMINENT INDUSTRIES - Rural Areas= herders/ farmers - Rainfall based agriculture meant no need for irrigation
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