13 Prof. Anatoly Sachenko Computer Hardware I. LECTURE OVERVIEW Foundation Concepts: Computer Hardware‚ reviews trends and developments in microcomputer‚ midrange‚ and mainframe computer systems; basic computer system concepts; and the major types of technologies used in peripheral devices for computer input‚ output‚ and storage. Computer Systems – Major types of computer systems are summarized in Figure 13.2. A computer is a system of information processing components that perform
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standard code for information interchange) e.g. Unicode systems‚ and EBCDIC (extended binary coded decimal interchange code) IBM mainframe and mid-range computers‚ together with devices communicate with these machines use EBCDIC. The Unicode system of coding text is used more widely and has become the standard for representing text digitally. Standard ASCII represents the English language characters using decimal numbers in the range from 0 to 127 and requires 7 bits per character. Unicode systems
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approaches for designing reversible Binary Coded Decimal adders Ashis Kumer Biswas‚ Md. Mahmudul Hasan‚ Ahsan Raja Chowdhury‚ Hafiz Md. Hasan Babu à Department of Computer Science and Engineering‚ University of Dhaka‚ Dhaka 1000‚ Bangladesh a r t i c l e in fo Article history: Received 27 November 2007 Received in revised form 5 April 2008 Accepted 16 April 2008 Available online 18 June 2008 Keywords: Reversible logic Garbage output Gate complexity Binary Coded Decimal adder Carry Skip BCD adder Quantum
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Mid-term Examination review Name_________________________ Vocabulary Observation - is information collected through the five senses. Inference - an interpretation or explanation of an observation. Physical change - occur when objects undergo a change that does not change their chemical nature. Involves a change in physical properties Examples of physical properties include: texture‚ shape‚ size‚ color‚ odor‚ volume‚ mass‚ weight‚ and density Chemical Change - substances are changed chemically
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16 number system and it ranges between 0 and F i.e. 0 - 9 and A - F (10 -15). (Table 1 below shows binary‚ decimal and hexadecimal representation). Two hexadecimal digits will be between 00 and FF and this will make up to 256 cells i.e. 0 – 255 (16 bits) and for four hexadecimal digits will be between 0000 – FFFF and this makes up to 65536 cells i.e. 0 – 65535 (32 bits). BINARY NUMBERS | DECIMAL NUMBERS | HEXADECIMAL NUMBERS | 0000 | 0 | 0 | 0001 | 1 | 1 | 0010 | 2 | 2 | 0011 | 3 | 3 |
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How many bits are in a gigabyte? | 1 billion | How many bits are in a megabyte? | 1 million | Convert 00101010 to decimal. | 42 | What is the difference between a sector and a track? | A sector is part of a track | How many bits are in one hexadecimal digit? | 4 | How are voice communications converted to digital signals? | Audio is sampled at a high rate which is converted to binary numbers | What does it mean to compress a video file? | To decrease file size | In this url‚ http://www
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Chemistry‚ 2014 UNIT 1 – MATTER TRENDS AND CHEMICAL BONDING History of the atom DEMOCRITUS Smallest particle of matter is called an atom Atoms are in constant motion and have empty space between them ARISTOTLE 4 element theory of matter (earth‚ air‚ water‚ fire) Had different combinations of the 4 qualities: hot‚ cold‚ dry‚ moist JOHN DALTON Expanded on Democritus’s theory: All matter is composed of tiny‚ indivisible particles All atoms of an element have identical properties
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which information appears as a sequence of binary values 0 and 1. Digital signals have two amplitude levels called nodes. The value of which are specified as one of two possibilities such as 1 or 0‚ HIGH or LOW‚ TRUE or FALSE and so on. Digital signals can propagate analogue and digital data To represent these two values‚ a signal is used in which only two wave shapes are allowed‚ one representing the binary value 0 and the other representing the binary value 1. By definition‚ therefore‚ a digital
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Exercise 8.1.1 What is the network ID? 110 What is the host ID? 10.10.1 What is the binary value of the network ID? 192 What is the binary value of the host ID? 21 Exercise 8.1.2 Class Range of First Byte (Octet) in Decimal Network ID Host ID Possible Networks Possible Hosts per Network A 0-127 A b.c.d 27 224 B 128-191 A.B c.d 214 216 C 192-223 A.B.C d 221 28 Exercise 8.1.3 Would the IP address be valid as a Class C address? Yes Why or why not? The first octet is 192 which would be in
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ELEMENTARY COMPUTER APPLICATIONS Chapter 1: Information concepts and Processing Information Data that is (1) accurate and timely‚ (2) specific and organized for a purpose‚ (3) presented within a context that gives it meaning and relevance‚ and (4) can lead to an increase in understanding and decrease in uncertainty. Information is valuable because it can affect behavior‚ a decision‚ or an outcome. For example‚ if a manager is told his/her company’s net profit decreased in the past month‚ he/she
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