ABG Analysis Normal values: pH – 7.35 – 7.45 PaO2 – 80 to 100 mm Hg O2 Saturation – 95% - 100% PaCO2 – 35 – 45 mm Hg HCO3 – 22 – 26 mEq / L 1 ABG Analysis pH – body must maintain a delicate balance of acids and bases to maintain homeostasis pH indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood Respiratory and metabolic processes work to keep hydrogen ion (H+) levels stable Normal pH of arterial blood is 7.35 – 7.45 (slightly alkaline or basic) pH of less than 7.35 indicates
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Exacerbations of emphysema can be serious‚ even life threatening. They can occur when a person has Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)‚ including emphysema‚ and his or her symptoms get worse very quickly. Exacerbations of emphysema can be triggered by infections such as colds or the flu. Being around lung irritants such as air pollution‚ dusts‚ fumes or smoke can also trigger an
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An Introduction to Gas Exchange Lecturer: Sally Osborne‚ Ph.D. Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences Email: sosborne@interchange.ubc.ca Useful link: www.sallyosborne.com Required Reading: Respiratory Physiology: A Clinical Approach‚ Shwarrtzstein & Parker‚ Chapter 5 (pp 95-100; 111112). Objectives 1. Distinguish between the following terms: minute‚ alveolar and dead space ventilation; and anatomic‚ alveolar and physiologic dead space. 2. Specify the partial pressures of CO2 and O2
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Chapter 66: Nursing Management: Critical Care Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A 68-year-old patient has been in the intensive care unit for 4 days and has a nursing diagnosis of disturbed sensory perception related to sleep deprivation. Which action should the nurse include in the plan of care? a. Administer prescribed sedatives or opioids at bedtime to promote sleep. b. Cluster nursing activities so that the patient has uninterrupted rest periods. c. Silence the alarms on the cardiac monitors to allow
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Running Head: Sepsis 1 Sepsis: A Clinical Case Study Example Conestoga College Running Head: Sepsis 2 Abstract Sepsis is an inflammatory systemic response to infection. The symptoms are produced by the host’s defense systems rather than by the invading pathogens (Schouten et al.‚ 2008). Sepsis is a frequent cause of admission to intensive care units (ICUs) and it is one of the leading causes of death among hospitalized patients (Alberti et al.‚ 2003). It is a public health
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ADN 253 FINAL STUDY GUIDE 1. Describe the pathophysiology‚ assessment‚ signs and symptoms‚ nursing diagnosis‚ medical and nursing interventions for the patient with MODS. Pathophysiology • Progressive impairment of 2 or more organ systems • Caused by immune system’s uncontrolled inflammatory response to a severe illness or injury o Inflammatory response: cytokines and chemokines out of control ▪ Peripheral vasodilation = hypotension ▪ Capillary
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normal value is about 4.2 L/min. ． VA = f x VA or f x (TV - VD) where VA‚ volume of air reaching the functioning alveoli‚ L. VD‚ volume of dead space‚ L. ． PACO2 - VA Relationship At steady state‚ amount of CO2 exhaled per minute equals to amount of CO2 produced per minute. At a constant level of CO2 production‚ the PACO2 varies inversely with the level of alveolar ventilation. ． PAO2 - VA Relationship At steady state‚ the amount of O2 uptake per minute equals to the amount of O2 consumed
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Medical Surgical CONCEPT MAP [pic] ----------------------- DISEASE Asthma ASSESSMENT FINDINGS: Signs & Symptoms -Asthma is illustrated by outbursts of shortness of breath‚ wheezing‚ and coughing and the production of thick‚ tenacious sputum. -Only as the attack begins to subside can the client expectorate large quantities of thick‚ stringy mucus. The skin is usually pale. -During a severe attack‚ the nurse may observe cyanosis of the client’s lips and nail beds. Definition/Pathophysiology/Etiology
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Teach to take TB drugs at bedtime to avoid nausea COPD- S/Sx Chronic cough & sputum (classis sign)‚ metabolic acidosis‚ DOE‚ SOB‚ BARREL CHEST‚ fatigue‚ cyanosis‚ clubbing of nails *Avoid temp extremes‚ mod exercise‚ Inhaler (tilt head back inhaler 1-2 in away from mouh‚ press down‚ inhale(3-5 sec)‚
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syndrome Two or more of the following clinical signs of systemic response to endothelial inflammation: • Temperature > 38°C or < 36°C x Heart rate > 90 beats/min • Tachypnoea (respiratory rate > 20 breaths/min or hyperventilation (Paco2 < 4.25 kPa)) • White blood cell count > 12 ⋅ 109/l or < 4 ⋅ 109/l or the presence of more than 10% immature neutrophils In the setting (or strong suspicion) of a known cause of endothelial inflammation such as: • Infection (bacteria‚
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