Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow‚ Corporate Finance‚ and Takeovers Michael C. Jensen Harvard Business School MJensen@hbs.edu Abstract The interests and incentives of managers and shareholders conflict over such issues as the optimal size of the firm and the payment of cash to shareholders. These conflicts are especially severe in firms with large free cash flows—more cash than profitable investment opportunities. The theory developed here explains 1) the benefits of debt in reducing agency
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The Cost of Childcare “According to the U.S. Department of Health‚ between the years 2011 and 2012‚ 38 states and the District of Columbia‚ child-care costs exceed their recommendation of no more than 10 percent of a family’s income (Blair 4).” However for many parents child care is a must. Child care expenses are at a premium‚ changing work circumstances could benefit both parents and children. Financially‚ there are both risk and benefit to the overall future of events. While scheduling to be
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outsources in some way; typically‚ the function being outsourced is non-core to the business. By choosing to outsource jobs in developing countries‚ businesses can attain massive benefits while simultaneously strengthening the economies of the two partners. To some outsourcing may seem as a choice‚ but in reality its cost saving factors may be the only option. In America‚ almost every person has seen or bought a product of an outsourced company. Volkswagen‚ Nike‚ Apple‚ and other commonly known
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Thesis: How do rising tuitions impact students‚ local employers‚ and educational institutions? I. Tuition Costs A. Enrollment Supply B. Enrollment Demand II. Economic Theory A. Impact on Students B. Impact on Educational Institutions C. Impact on Local Employers III. Higher Educational Costs A. Advantages (Pros) of Higher Tuition Costs B. Disadvantages (Cons) of Higher Tuition Costs IV. Conclusion/Recommendations This case analysis will be based on the question‚ “How do
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Cost allocation for indirect costs Cost Pool – Set of costs that are added together before being allocated to cost objects on some common basis Cost Driver/ Allocation base Cost Object Cost Driver Rate = Total Costs in Pool/ Total Quantity of Driver Where total quantity of driver = practical capacity of driver Cost of excess capacity = Cost Driver Rate * Excess capacity Predetermined overhead rate - cost per unit of the allocation base used to charge overhead to products. Predetermined
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Cost Accounting Fundamentals Introduction to Cost Accounting Cost accounting is an internal reporting system for an organisation’s own management for decision making. It is the process of accounting for costs. It includes the accounting procedures relating to recording of all incomes and expenditures and the preparation of periodical statements and reports with the object of ascertaining and controlling costs. It is thus the formal mechanism by means of which cost of products or services are
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Adolescent Sexual Orientation In today’s society‚ coming out as being gay‚ lesbian‚ or anything other than what is considered normal‚ can make an adolescent more stressed than usual. The main task of adolescence is establishing one’s identity‚ and coming out as gay‚ or as a lesbian adds to a child’s stress. There are many unique challenges gay/lesbian children come across as they struggle with this task of adolescence into young adulthood. Although they do face these unique challenges‚ they become
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Cost of Quality (COQ) "The cost of quality." It’s a term that’s widely used – and widely misunderstood. The "cost of quality" isn’t the price of creating a quality product or service. It’s the cost of NOT creating a quality product or service. Every time work is redone‚ the cost of quality increases. Obvious examples include: The reworking of a manufactured item. The retesting of an assembly. The rebuilding of a tool. The correction of a bank statement. The reworking of a service‚ such as
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Onboarding: Employee Orientation Beyond “Sink or Swim” Why current orientation programs are failing corporate America‚ and what to do about it. E mployee Orientation. Despite all efforts to the contrary‚ it often comes down to this: a recently overhauled employee orientation program makes use of the company’s high quality marketing handouts. The program’s knowledgeable‚ personable presenter uses good visuals like computer slides and is enthusiastic about what he writes on the easel. After
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Considering an IPO? The costs of going and being public may surprise you September 2012 A publication from PwC’s Deals practice Table of contents The heart of the matter 1 Embarking upon the IPO process requires insight into the costs An in-depth discussion 4 The initial public offering Cost of going public Cost of being public 5 12 What this means for your business 27 Assess the readiness of your organization for an IPO to appropriately stage the costs incurred and to minimize
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