companies can improve their CSR profile even more. Two companies‚ one Indian and one International‚ have been chosen for the purpose of this study: * International company - Vodafone Group Ltd. * Indian Company - Kraft Foods India Ltd. (Cadbury India Ltd). Topics discussed in the project: * The History‚ Management (Board of Directors) and the Products of the respective companies have been looked into‚ to get a better understanding of their CSR initiatives. * Also‚ the CSR initiatives
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manufacturing or trading‚ require cost accounting to track their activities.[1] Cost accounting has long been used to help managers understand the costs of running a business. Modern cost accounting originated during the industrial revolution‚ when the complexities of running a large scale business led to the development of systems for recording and tracking costs to help business owners and managers make decisions. In the early industrial age‚ most of the costs incurred by a business were what modern
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The Cost of Turnover Putting a Price on the Learning Curve by Timothy R. Hinkin and J.BruceTracey Employee turnover does more than reduce service quality and damage employee moraleit hits a hotels pocketbook. E mployee turnover has long been a concern of the hospitality industry‚ and therefore of researchers who examine industry human-resources concerns. One stream of research that arose in the past 20 years was an effort to quantify the cost of employee turnover. Although most managers
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prevents them from dying. The increasing demand and dependence on medication has led to an increase of the cost and prices of medication to skyrocket into the unaffordable price range. With this soaring costs happening‚ it seems that the pharmaceutical industry is starting to care more about their profits‚ rather than the main focus‚ which is the people of the world. In recent years‚ the cost of certain
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business has to sustain a high level of quality to ensure better business globally. Generally quality control standards for export are set strictly‚ as this business is also holds the prestige of the country‚ whose company is doing the export. Export houses earn foreign exchange for the country‚ so it becomes mandatory to have good quality control of their products. In the garment industry quality control is practiced right from the initial stage of sourcing raw materials to the stage of final finished
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different quality material from standard; Buying materials from a non‑usual source due to urgency; Utilising different labour from standard; Price changes due to economic conditions; scarcity of supplies; Choosing to incur additional discretionary fixed costs; More (or less) overtime hours used than budgeted. 2. Efficiency/usage/quantity variances: Standard is out of date‚ set without due care; Inefficient use of material/labour‚ deliberate or otherwise; Poor supervision/equipment/maintenance.Changes in
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Classification of Cost Cost may be classified into different categories depending upon the purpose of classification. Some of the important categories in which the costs are classified are as follows: 1. Fixed‚ Variable and Semi-Variable Costs The cost which varies directly in proportion with every increase or decrease in the volume of output or production is known as variable cost. Some of its examples are as follows: • Wages of laborers • Cost of direct material • Power The cost which does
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Marketing Case Study: Cadbury Beverages‚ Inc. – Crush Brand 1. Situation Analysis Cadbury Beverages‚ Inc. is the beverage-manufacturing division of Cadbury Schweppes PLC. It was created in 1969 by a merger of Schweppes PLC (1783‚ London‚ the first world’s soft drink maker) and Cadbury (1830‚ Birmingham‚ a major British confectionery manufacturer). In 1989‚ the Cadbury Schweppes PLC was one of the world’s largest multinational companies and the world’s third largest soft drink marketer (behind
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Q1: explicit costs and implicit costs concepts Explicit Cost Explicit cost is defined as the direct payment which is supposed to be made to others while running business. This includes the wages‚ rents or materials which are due in the contract. The explicit cost is the expense done in business which can easily be identified and accounted for in the business at any stage. The explicit cost represents the out flows of cash in clear and obvious terms. When any out flow of credit occurs in a business
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product costs are the direct materials‚ and manufacturing overhead that are involved in acquiring or making products. Products costs are assigned to an inventory account on the balance sheet and considered to be assets. When the goods are sold‚ the costs are released from inventory and are recognized as expenses in the income statement. Period costs are all the costs that are not included in product cost‚ such as advertising‚ executive salaries‚ and other nonmanufacturing costs. These costs are expenses
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