different quality material from standard; Buying materials from a non‑usual source due to urgency; Utilising different labour from standard; Price changes due to economic conditions; scarcity of supplies; Choosing to incur additional discretionary fixed costs; More (or less) overtime hours used than budgeted. 2. Efficiency/usage/quantity variances: Standard is out of date‚ set without due care; Inefficient use of material/labour‚ deliberate or otherwise; Poor supervision/equipment/maintenance.Changes in
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Microeconomics Topic 6: “Be able to explain and calculate average and marginal cost to make production decisions.” Reference: Gregory Mankiw’s Principles of Microeconomics‚ 2nd edition‚ Chapter 13. Long-Run versus Short-Run In order to understand average cost and marginal cost‚ it is first necessary to understand the distinction between the “long run” and the “short run.” Short run: a period of time during which one or more of a firm’s inputs cannot be changed. Long run: a period of time during which
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Cost Classifications and Estimation 2.0 Introduction Cost classification may be defined as ‘the arrangement of cost items in a logical sequence having regard to their nature and purpose to be fulfilled’. The term cost must be qualified when in use in order that its precise meaning is established in a particular situation; however‚ cost refers to the amount of resources that have been diverted from other uses or sacrificed so as to achieve the desired objective. But the term is used to refer to
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MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING Information for Decision-Making and Strategy Execution SIXTH EDITION Anthony A. Atkinson University of Waterloo Robert S. Kaplan Harvard University Ella Mae Matsumura University of Wisconsin–Madison S. Mark Young University of Southern California Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City S~ Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore
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PRODUCT STRATEGY OF BMW The majority of BMW’s success is attributed to the development of a consistent marketing policy‚ the ’market niche’ strategy. The company has built its brand on four core values‚ which are: Technology Quality Performance Exclusivity BMW has maintained these core values since the company’s inception. Coupled with WCRS (BMW’s advertising agency since 1979)‚ the company has adopted a consistent advertising strategy. In addition to the message of these values being
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is not sure about the difference between cost accounting and a cost accounting system. Explain the difference to Joe. (b) What is an important feature of a cost accounting system? 2. (a) Distinguish between the two types of cost accounting systems. (b) May a company use both types of cost accounting systems? 3. What type of industry is likely to use a job order cost system? Give some examples. 4. What type of industry is likely to use a process cost system? Give some examples. 5. Your roommate
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Are you a leader‚ born or cultivated or both? How do you characterize your leadership traits based on the leadership profiles presented by Narayana Murthy and Rahul Khosla? Ans. For centuries there has been a debate about whether leaders must be born into their leadership capacities or whether leadership can be developed in all of us. Our beliefs about how people become leaders affect how we evaluate people’s leadership potential. Believing people are born leaders is likely to result in a focus
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For every theory there is a counter argument. What are the criticisms and arguments against Transformational Leadership? Identify the sources and clearly articulate the reasoning behind the criticisms. Adopt a position for or against Transformational Leadership and defend your position with argument Introduction This essay is based on the Transformational leadership theory and will be referred to as TL throughout this essay. This essay will look into criticisms and arguments against the theory
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[pic] LEADERSHIP AND MENTORING ASSIGNMENT (HRM2036-N) NAME: ALEXANDER AU TIAN ERN STUDENT ID: L1315896 MODULE LEADER: CATHERINE MCCAULEY-SMITH Executive Summary The aim of the module Leadership and Mentoring is to develop a student’s knowledge and understanding about leadership and preparation to undertake the role of mentor. This is because leading others and acting as a mentor provides insightful ways of developing self and others. Contemporary methods of
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APRIL ‚ 2010 CASE 7: LAUNCHING THE BMW Z3 ROADSTER Shift in Marketing Strategy The introduction of the Z3 Roadster provided BMW’s marketing team the exciting opportunity‚ not only to promote a great new product‚ but to change their entire corporate image. The Z3 appealed to a new target market; and the marketing approach needed a shift from traditional to non-traditional. Z3’s target market was defined in psychographic terms‚ as opposed to the more traditional demographic terms. Potential
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