Accuracy and Bias In general‚ a set of forecasts will be considered to be accurate if the forecast errors‚ that is‚ the set of et values which results from the forecasts‚ are sufficiently small. The next section presents statistics based on the forecast errors‚ which can be used to measure forecast accuracy. In thinking about forecast accuracy‚ it is important to bear in mind the distinction between error and noise. While related‚ they are not the same thing. Noise in the demand data is real and
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The Cost of Turnover Putting a Price on the Learning Curve by Timothy R. Hinkin and J.BruceTracey Employee turnover does more than reduce service quality and damage employee moraleit hits a hotels pocketbook. E mployee turnover has long been a concern of the hospitality industry‚ and therefore of researchers who examine industry human-resources concerns. One stream of research that arose in the past 20 years was an effort to quantify the cost of employee turnover. Although most managers
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Cost Benefit Analysis A cost benefit analysis is done to determine how well‚ or how poorly‚ a planned action will turn out. Although a cost benefit analysis can be used for almost anything‚ it is most commonly done on financial questions. Since the cost benefit analysis relies on the addition of positive factors and the subtraction of negative ones to determine a net result‚ it is also known as running the numbers. A cost benefit analysis finds‚ quantifies‚ and adds all the positive factors. These
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Chapter 1 Basic Cost Concepts Learning Objectives • To understand the meaning of different costing terms to understand different costing methods • To have a basic idea of different costing techniques • To understand the meaning of cost sheet In order to determine and take a dispassionate view about what lies beneath the surface of accounting figures‚ a financial analyst has to make use of different management accounting techniques. Cost techniques have a precedence over the other
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different quality material from standard; Buying materials from a non‑usual source due to urgency; Utilising different labour from standard; Price changes due to economic conditions; scarcity of supplies; Choosing to incur additional discretionary fixed costs; More (or less) overtime hours used than budgeted. 2. Efficiency/usage/quantity variances: Standard is out of date‚ set without due care; Inefficient use of material/labour‚ deliberate or otherwise; Poor supervision/equipment/maintenance.Changes in
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ASSIGNMENT ON COST CONTROL AND COST FREDUCTION SUBMITTED BY‚ MOHAMMED NAFAISE E.K ROLL NO: 1600 COST CONTROLL & COST REDUCTION COST CONTROL The practice of managing and/or reducing business expenses. Cost controls starts by the businesses identifying what their costs are and evaluate whether those costs are reasonable and affordable .Then if necessary
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Gross profit is a company’s residual profit after selling a product or service; it involves deducting the cost associated with the production and sales. To calculate gross profit it involves examining the income statement. In the income statement you take the revenue and subtract the cost of goods sold. This is also called gross margin and gross profit. Gross profit is needed in a company because it shows how efficiently management uses labor and supplies in the production process (Investopedia
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Cost Behavior Cost behavior is term for describing whether a cost changes when the level of output changes. The cost can vary proportionately with the changes in the level of activity or unaffected by changes in the level of activity. Costs can be variable‚ fixed‚ or mixed. A cost that does not change in total as output changes is a fixed cost. A variable cost‚ on the other hand‚ increases in total with an increase in output and decreases in total with a decrease in output. Understanding how costs
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COST OF PRODUCTION CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Types of costs 3.1 Opportunity‚ implicit and explicit costs 3.2 Fixed and variable costs 3.3 Average costs 3. Types of cost curves 4.4 Marginal cost curve 4.5 Average cost curves 4. Costs in Short run and in the Long run 5.6 Short run 5.7 Long run 5.8 Economies of scale 5. Cost analysis in the real world 6.9 Economies of scope 6.10 Experiential
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Total Production Volume (units) 10‚000 8‚000 6‚000 4‚000 Selling Price $15.00 $18.00 $20.00 $22.00 Materials/unit $4.00 $5.00 $6.00 $7.00 DLH/unit 0.24 0.18 0.12 0.08 Total DLH 2‚400 1‚440 720 320 4‚880 Plant Overhead $122‚000 DL rate/hour $30 Y oungstown has a tradition al cost sys tem. It calc ulates a p lant-wide overhead rate by dividing total overhead costs by total direct labor hours. Assume‚ for the calculations below‚ that plant overhead is a committed (fixed) cost during the year
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