Activity-based Costing (ABC) An activity-based approach refines a costing system by focusing on individual activities as the fundamental cost objects. It uses the cost of these activities as the basis for assigning costs to other cost objects such as products or services. There are four levels of a cost hierarchy: 1- Output unit-level costs: costs of activities performed on each individual unit of a product or service. 2- Batch-level costs: costs of activities related to a group of
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PROCESS COSTING DR. ALOK DIXIT INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT LUCKNOW COSTING SYSTEMS USED TO DETERMINE PRODUCT COSTS Costing Systems Process Costing Job-order Costing Mass production of identical or similar products (at process-level). For example‚ Sugar‚ food‚ chemical industry. Many units of a single‚ homogeneous product flow evenly through continuous production process(s). One unit of product is indistinguishable (at process-level) from any other unit of product. Each unit
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Super Bakery‚ Inc. – Costing Methods Norman Thompson ACC/561 July 24‚ 2010 In today’s economy the business world has changed tremendously with the advances of computer systems‚ global competition‚ and innovation in technology. Because of these changes businesses compete to keep their products and services profitable as well as keeping a strong customer base. The main challenges for keeping a business successful are managing the cost of services and products while keeping the company
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Defining‚ Modeling & Costing IT Services Integrating Service Level‚ Configuration & Financial Management Processes In our cost driven economy IT is facing increasing pressure to account for and reduce cost wherever possible. The old axiom “You must do more with less” has never had such an impact on IT operations and support as it does today. Thousands of IT managers are being placed in a situation which forces them to defend their staffing levels against both internal as well as external threats
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1.0 Life cycle costing (LCC) 1.1 Definition Life cycle costing is a cost management approach which includes all costs and ensures that all those costs are managed over the life cycle of the product. Product life cycle begins from conception of the product until its abandonment which can be referred as ‘from cradle to grave‘. Product life cycle has four stages: 1) Product planning and initial concept design It involves process of identifying any underlying conditions‚ assumption‚ limitations and
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GRADE 8 BIOLOGY REVISION WORKSHEET a) Name the following: i) The process by which raisins swell up when placed in a beaker of water. ii) Non-infectious disease arising due to hypersensitiveness of an individual to a particular sustance. iii) Bone forming cells. iv) Diseases caused due to malfunctioning of organs
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Product Costing Module in ERP for L&T Kansbahal Works‚ Kansbhal‚ Orissa : A Case Study 1 Seema G. Bhol‚ 2Arun Mishra & 3Srikanta Patnaik Sambalpur University‚ Burla‚ Orissa‚ India‚ 2Head (IT Services)‚ L&T‚ Kansbhal‚ Orissa‚ India‚ 3 Department of Computer Science ITER ‚ SOA University ‚ Bhubaneswar‚ Orissa‚ India E-mail : guptaseema@hotmail.com‚ arun-kbl@kbl.ltindia.com‚ patnaik_srikanta@yahoo.co.in 1 Abstract - One need to be very accurate in what the products and services are costing. Inaccurate
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Anthology Retake 2006-7 Revision booklet The Anthology Country Lovers by Nadine Gordimer Author: Nadine Gordimer (born 1923) has made her career under difficult circumstances. Born an English-speaking Jew in South Africa‚ she resented and resisted the pressure to conform to the white supremacist attitudes embodied in the system of apartheid. She has been politically active most of her life‚ and has often written about the relationships among white radicals‚ liberals and blacks in South
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Differences between Activity-Based Costing and Traditional Cost Strategy Activity-based costing (ABC) is a costing model that identifies overhead activities in an organization and assigns the cost of each activity resource to all products and services according to the actual consumption‚ while traditional costing equally distributes all overhead expenses. Thus‚ an organization employing ABC‚ can precisely estimate the cost of its individual products and services for the purposes of identifying and
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STANDARD COSTING (VARIANCES) 1.1 Material costs variance = (Standard quantity x Standard Price) – (Actual quantity x Actual price) MCV = (SQ × SP) – (AQ × AP) 1.2 Material price variance = Actual quantity × (Standard price – Actual price) MPV = AQ × (SP – AP) 1.3 Material usage variance = Standard price (Standard quantity – Actual quantity) MUV = SP × (SQ –AQ) 1.4 Material cost variance = Material usage variance + Material price variance MCV = MUV + MPV 1. Material Variance Material usage
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