Realism Is reality dependent of us and our minds Beyond what our minds ascertain This position - connected to theory of meaning - meaning of propositions is what makes them true/false Depends on its truth conditions - what fact makes it true Anti-realists We need verification conditions -when truth conditions apply -and we are justified to hold them E.g. Past and present Past- can’t be repeated -ways of getting hold of it is. fallible. Said statements about the past - verification -
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Roderick Chisholm’s Solution to “The Problem of the Criterion” In this paper‚ I will argue that Roderick Chisholm fails to give an adequate solution to the problem of the criterion. According to Chisholm‚ the problem of the criterion is the ancient problem of “the wheel” or “vicious circle” (Chisholm‚ 77). Chisholm explains the problem of the criterion by stating that in order to know whether things are as they seem to be‚ we must have a procedure for recognizing things that are true from things
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George Bernard Shaw’s Saint Joan was first produced in New York City in 1923 and in London in 1924. Shaw published it with a long Preface in 1924. When word came out that Shaw‚ who was known as an irreverent jokester‚ was writing about a Christian saint and martyr‚ there were fears that he would not be able to produce something appropriate‚ but the early reception of the play was generally favorable‚ although some commentators criticized him for historical inaccuracy and for being too talky or comic
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Bertrand Russell a British philosopher is a critic of direct realism‚ who presents arguments against perception based on common sense. In his first chapter "Appearance and Reality" he begins to analyze the table in front of him that looks the same from a naked eye but can have several different perceptions depending on the person‚ light‚ angle‚ or more. He raises the argument that in reality‚ only one colour appears‚ but the angles and lights present a different colour‚ which then contradicts our
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I enjoyed reading Bertrand Russell’s essay “Unpopular Essays”. I gained a lot of useful ideas and knowledge from reading it. The mentioned section where Russell talks about “the demand for certainty…” was a fairly difficult part to fully understand. Russell talked about how as humans we thirst for absolute knowledge (certainty) and it is only human nature to do so. Ever since the civilization of man we have strived to master natural forces‚ of acquiring the knowledge and the skill required to produce
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inhuman as the months pass since the elected government ’s removal‚" in a report on January 2005. He was referring to Haitian life after the abrupt removal of its President from office. On February 2004‚ the violent coup Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide from office was orchestrated by military force. This paper wants to identify and describe the reasons for this Haitian revolt. There are many interpretations and concerning this event; therefore‚ I want to assess different perspectives about
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In the Article “Problems of Philosophy CH. XV The Value of Philosophy‚” Bertrand Russell talks about the value of the philosophy and why it should be studied. The author first distinguishes between science and philosophy. He argues that science seeks for definite knowledge whereas philosophy aims at the achievement of knowledge through questioning. With respect to definite answers‚ the value of the philosophy appears in its uncertainty. Many questions raised by philosophers are of the profoundest
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Why I am not a Christian is an essay by Bertrand Russell in which he explains the reasons why he does not call himself a Christian. He puts up several arguments concerning the existence of god which include the First Cause Argument‚ the Natural Law Argument‚ the Argument from Design and moral arguments. He also goes in to explaining the character of Christ and flaws in his teachings. He further goes in to explaining why he does not think that Christ was the best and the wisest of men. He believes
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and doubt is the absence of comprehension‚ and to an even greater extent‚ certainty. This desire to understand has given way to a multitude of discoveries and convictions throughout the course of human history. Although‚ William Lyon Phelps and Bertrand Russell had differing views on the nature of doubt and certainty it is only through the original state of doubt that one could gain the status of certainty- or at least to some degree. What qualifies as certainty itself is unstable‚ since every
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and to restore the prestige of the House of Valois. He established the first permanent army paid with regular wages‚ which liberated the French populace from the companies of routiers who regularly plundered the country when not employed. Led by Bertrand du Guesclin‚ the French Army was able to turn the tide of the Hundred Years’ War to Charles’ advantage‚ and by the end of Charles’ reign‚ they had reconquered almost all the territories ceded to the English in 1360. Furthermore‚ the French Navy‚
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