more than 200 years‚ chemists have divided compounds into two categories. Those that were isolated from plants or animals were called organic‚ while those extracted from ores and minerals were inorganic. Organic chemistry is often defined as the chemistry of carbon. But this definition would include calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and graphite‚ which more closely resemble inorganic compounds. We will therefore define organic chemistry as the study of compounds‚ such as formic acid (HCO2H)‚ methane (CH4)
Premium Carbon Carbon dioxide Atom
DEFINITIONS OF OXIDATION AND REDUCTION (REDOX) This page looks at the various definitions of oxidation and reduction (redox) in terms of the transfer of oxygen‚ hydrogen and electrons. It also explains the terms oxidising agent and reducing agent. Oxidation and reduction in terms of oxygen transfer Definitions • Oxidation is gain of oxygen. • Reduction is loss of oxygen. For example‚ in the extraction of iron from its ore: [pic] Because both reduction and oxidation are going on side-by-side
Premium Hydrogen Oxide Oxidizing agent
BIOLOGY TEST NOTES Biology is the study of life Living organisms share a set of characteristics that collectively set them apart from non-living matter Living organisms use molecules that contain instructions for building other molecules Living organisms gather energy and materias from their surrounding to: Build new biological molecules Grow in size Repair their parts Produce offspring All organisms are composed of the same macromolecules (proteins‚ fatty acids/lipids‚ carbs and nucleic
Premium Cell DNA Protein
crystal Crystallization is a highly effective method for the purification of organic substances‚ provided that the physical properties of a given compound permits its purification in this manner. Solid organic compounds when isolated from organic mixtures or reactions are seldom pure; they are usually contaminated with small amounts of other compounds called impurities. Solid purification by crystallization is based upon different solubility in a given solvent. Simplest crystallization process is
Premium Crystal Chemical bond Solid
IGCSE PRE-AICE CHEMISTRY 0620 OFFICIAL STUDY GUIDE Notes: To avoid any confusion concerning the symbol for litre‚ dm3 will be used in place of l or litre.Valence electrons are known as valency electrons for this test. Nature of Matter The states of matter are solid‚ liquid‚ and gas‚ in respective order of kinetic energy. State of Matter | Definite Volume | Definite Shape | Solid | Yes | Yes | Liquid | Yes | No | Gas | No | No | Diffusion:
Premium Atom Metal Chemical bond
ion is simply a regular atom that is charged * It gets charged when electrons are gained or loss * During a reaction‚ atoms prefer to look like their closest Noble Gas atom in their valence shell * The ionic charge is the charge of the atom with a full valence shell Ionic
Premium Chemistry Acid PH
different molecule. a hydrogen atom in the same molecule. Question 9 of 20 Covalent bonds form when one atom _________ its _________ with another atom. gives up; electrons shares; protons gives up; neutrons shares; electrons Question 10 of 20 Water is an important solvent of life because it forms covalent bonds. it has cohesive properties. it forms hydrogen bonds. it is ionic. Question 11 of 20 Carbon is such an important molecule for life because
Premium Atom Hydrogen Oxygen
eight septillion (8 x 1024) individual sucrose molecules. These molecules are too small to see‚ but you can taste them. While table sugar is made up of sucrose molecules (remember covalent compounds from chemistry?)‚ table salt (sodium chloride) is a very different kind of chemical compound‚ an ionic compound. It is made up of two smaller particles‚ a sodium ion and a chlorine ion. Sodium chloride can be made in the laboratory (don’t try this at home!) by
Premium Sodium chloride Chlorine Ion
Self-assessment practice tests Test 1 – Material from Chapters 2–4 | 45 minutes 1 The kinetic theory suggests different arrangements for the atoms or molecules in the three states of matter. The diagrams below show how evidence suggests the particles are arranged in the three states of matter. 1 2 3 What are the three states shown? 1 A B C D 2 gas liquid solid liquid 2 liquid gas liquid solid 3 solid solid gas gas The graph shows the heating curve for a metal that is solid at room temperature (25
Premium Atom Chemistry Chemical element
molecules or compounds. These categories are ionic‚ molecular and metallic substances. In ionic compounds valence electrons are transferred from one atom to another‚ resulting in formation of ions of opposite charge. Metals will lose electrons to form cations (positively charged) and non-metals can gain electrons to form anions (negatively charged); these oppositely charged ions attract each other and form an ionic compound Because the attraction of the ions is so strong‚ ionic compounds are always
Premium Solubility Solvent Ion