self-referent encoding‚ and semantic memory. Key Words: college students‚ levels of processing‚ words‚ self-reference Encoding Styles: Recognition performance on related vs. unrelated words Levels of processing in memory‚ proposed first by Craik & Lockharts (1972) framework suggests that information is transferred easily to the long-term memory if it is considered‚ understood and related to previous memories to grow meaning than to be just practiced. The amount of consideration of information
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they tested the effect of depth of processing on memory by giving subjects words with questions which required different levels of processing. However the text mentioned by Craik and Tulving was the empirical evidence to support their alternative model of memory processing. The methodology used for this particular study by Craik and Lockhart was a laboratory experiment. However‚ one weakness of a laboratory experiment is regarding its representativeness. This study was low in mundane realism‚ as it
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EFFECTS OF INTERFERENCE IN MEMORY RECALL OF STUDENTS 1 Effects of Interference in Memory Recall of Students Rhodelyn B. Javier Department of Psychology Ateneo de Naga University December 8‚ 2011 EFFECTS OF INTERFERENCE IN MEMORY RECALL OF STUDENTS 2 Abstract Memory recalls of students were examined whether it will be greatly affected by interferences presented. Based on previous studies‚ younger students can remember more than the older ones. However‚ the results suggested that the performance
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One of the major ways of analyzing vocabulary teaching techniques is Laufer and Hulistijn’s (2001) involvement load hypothesis (ILH) which includes the notions of cognitive and motivational factors. Based on ILH the effort that a person allocates to do a task mentally or its involvement load is regarded to be the main authority in learning. Tasks with different involvement load will lead to different incidental acquisition (Laufer & Hulistijn‚ 2001).ILH is considered as motivational cognitive construct
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been invested into researching memory and the effect the depth of processing has on the ability to recall words. Research has shown that semantic encoding has resulted in significantly better word retention than such as phonemic encoding (Craik & Tulving 1975). When asked to estimate their ability to perform in tasks involving memory‚ the majority of people will not take the method of encoding into account and will estimate inaccurately (Dunning‚ Heath & Suls 2004). The reason that semantic
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References: You are unlikely to be able to access full text versions of Craik and Lockhart (1972) and Craik and Tulving (1975) but a summary by Craik appears in this paper on pp. 306-7: Craik‚ F Oppenheimer‚ D. M. (2008) ‘The secret life of fluency’. Trends in Cognitive Sciences‚ 12 (6)‚ pp. 237–241. Alter‚ A. L. & Oppenheimer‚ D. M. (2009) ‘Uniting the tribes of fluency to form a
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Describe and evaluate the multi store memory model Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968 suggested that memory was comprised of three separate stores - the Sensory Memory store‚ the Short-term Memory store‚ and the Long-term Memory store. Information from all around us enters the through the sensory memory and encoded through one of the 5 senses depending on the type of information. If attention is paid to this information it will enter short term memory which has a limited capacity of about 4 chunks of
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In everyday life‚ it is essential for people to remember how to perform certain tasks as well as recognize familiar faces amongst other things. This is made possible by retrieving information from our memory. Memory is the procedure whereby information is stored over a period of time (Maitlin‚ 2005). In order to better understand how information is processed‚ the multi-store model is used‚ based on the work of Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). The model highlights the disconnection between learning
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44(1)‚ 87-112 Canadian Journal of Psychology Outstanding Contributions Series Levels of Processing: A Retrospective Commentary on a Framework for Memory Research Robert S. Lockhart and Hergus l.M. Craik University of Toronto ABSTRACT The influence on memory research of levels of processing (Craik & I^ockharl‚ 1972) is reviewed‚ and a number of conceptual and empirical criticisms are evaluated. Research since 1972 has enabled the original formulation of depth of processing to be refined in various
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Describe and Evaluate the Multi-Store Model of Memory (12 Marks) The Multi-Store Model explains how memory works through three stages in a fixed‚ linear sequence. Information is first detected from environmental stimuli and stored in the sensory memory as haptic‚ echoic or visual information. Only certain information can only be paid attention to‚ as the capacity and duration of the sensory memory is very limited. This information is then passed onto the STM. Only 7 + - 2 items can only be stored
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