trend toward bilateral symmetry and cephalization * Invertebrate Nervous Organization * In simple animals‚ such as sponges‚ the most common observable response is closure of the osculum (central opening) * Hydras (cnidarians) have a nerve net that is composed of neurons * Planarians‚ (flatworms) have a ladderlike nervous system * In annelids (earthworm)‚ arthropods (crab)‚ and molluscs (squid) the nervous system shows further advances * Cephalization - concentration
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trying to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind cancer cell invasion in the nerves. More specifically‚ Deborde’s research focuses on analyzing the vital role that Schwann cells play in perineural invasion‚ the process in which cancer cells invade the nerves. Deborde began the seminar by explaining how the nerves are part of the tumor microenvironment and how cancer cells can invade the nerves in the process of perineural invasion. Deborde described perineural invasion as a type of
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characterised by pain or loss of feeling. Peripheral diabetic neuropathy is a result of diabetic microvascular injury involving the peripheral blood vessels that supply nerves. There is a strong correlation between neural and vascular diseases‚ the arteries provide blood to the nerves while the blood vessels depend on normal nerve function. The pathophysiology of peripheral neuropathy is thought to begin as microvascular vasoconstriction when hyperglycemia forces endothelial cells‚ which line the
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is nerve damage that can result from damage of blood vessels that feed those nerves. Diabetic neuropathy can be classified as peripheral‚ autonomic‚ proximal and focal. Each affect very different part of the body in various ways. Peripheral neuropathy‚ is the most common type‚ causing pain or loss of felling in the toes‚ feet‚ legs‚ hands‚ and arms. Autonomic neuropathy‚ causes changed in digestion‚ bowel and bladder function‚ sexual response‚ and perspiration. As well as affecting the nerves that
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different parts of the body. It is thicker on the palms of our hands and feet‚ and thinner on our eyelids which have to be light or our eyes would always be closed. The dermis‚ or known as the true skin‚ is thick‚ sturdy‚ and contains lots of nerves‚ blood vessels‚ and sweat glands. It protects and repairs injured tissue. This layer holds more collagen‚ which comes from cells called fibroblasts and is one of the strongest proteins found in nature. It gives skin durability and resilience.
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forms of Leprosy is nerve infection. Nerve damage appears to result from the multiplication of bacilli within Schwann cells and damage to the perineurium. Most of the deformities occurring from Leprosy are in fact due to trauma or a secondary infection. In a Leprosy infection one of the first symptoms are anesthesia to heat and cold. Leprosy affects the peripheral nervous system by attacking the myelin sheath surrounding the axons which affects the reliability and speed of nerve impulses. In other
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Nervous Tissue 3. List the types of neuroglia and cite their functions. 4. Define neuron‚ describe its important structural components‚ and relate each to a functional role. 5. Differentiate between a nerve and a tract‚ and between a nucleus and a ganglion. 6. Explain the importance of the myelin sheath and describe how it is formed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. 7. Classify neurons structurally and functionally
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corneal nerves. To understand this difficult to diagnose condition‚ it is important to understand what is involved. THE CORNEA The cornea is the transparent‚ dome-shaped surface of our eyes. Behind the cornea is the iris (the color part of our eye). Corneal pain system Brain connections Corneal pain is an alert to warn of impending danger or damage to the cornea. CORNEAL PAIN SYSTEM The corneal pain system is a situation in which the corneal nerves become super
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from 4 microns (.004 mm) to 100 microns (.1 mm) in diameter. Their length varies from a fraction of an inch to several feet. Neurons are nerve cells that transmit nerve signals to and from the brain at up to 200 mph. The neuron consists of a cell body (or soma) with branching dendrites(signal receivers) and a projection called an axon‚ which conduct the nerve signal. At the other end of the axon‚ the axon terminals transmit the electro-chemical signal across a synapse (the gap between the axon terminal
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malleolus‚ Distal Tibiofibular joint. P/v- Medial/Lateral Condyle Fibula A/V-Shaft is Lateral Surface‚ Lateral Malleolus. P/V Apex‚ Head of Fibula‚ Lateral M. Nerves of arm-Ulna nerve‚ Median nerve‚ Musculocutaneous‚ Axillary nerve Nerves of Leg-Sciatic nerve-Common fibular nerve‚ Superficial fibular nerve‚ Deep fibular nerve-Tibial Nerve Nerves of brain-I‚Olfactory nve. II‚ Optic nve. III‚ Oculomotor nve. IV‚ Trochlear nve. V‚ Trigeminal nve. VI‚ Abducens nve. VII‚ Facial nve. VIII‚ Vestibulocochlear
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