ON THE ECONOMICS OF ORGANIZED CRIME By Vimal Kumar and Stergios Skaperdas Department of Economics University of California‚ Irvine Irvine‚ CA 92697 Revised: February 13‚ 2008 Prepared for inclusion in: Garoupa‚ Nuno (ed.)‚ Criminal Law and Economics ABSTRACT: The core function of organized crime is the selling of protection. Protection can be real‚ against third-party crime‚ or manufactured by the organized crime groups themselves. Mafias and gangs emerge in areas of weak state control‚ because
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POLICE DISCRETION There’s a difference between the ministration and administration of justice. Nobody (except mechanical jurisprudence theorists) wants a ministerial agency of justice‚ one that would ritually and religiously follow every rule and regulation down to the letter in a mechanistic‚ repetitive‚ assembly-line manner. Instead‚ we need responsible administers -- officials who show "good judgment" and exercise discretion by assessing the context of each and every situation. By definition
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Police Discretion Police Discretion Discretion is defined by the Merriam-Webster Dictionary as “the ability to make responsible decisions‚ individual choice or judgment‚ power of free decision or latitude of choice within certain legal bounds.” In law enforcement discretion is left up to each individual officer on the field everyday. Police officers are given the authority to make reasonable and responsible decisions out in the field. Discretion is used in many situations‚ such as when
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Police Morale The University of Tennessee at Martin Ripley Campus Police Morale Morale‚ such a simple word‚ six letters in a combination to make up a word that by its very definition means confidence‚ enthusiasm‚ and discipline. This word‚ morale‚ when coupled with a human being‚ can be a very powerful word. Morale is a great contributor to a healthy or unhealthy workplace. Morale‚ in the sense of police‚ can make or break a department. A high morale‚ and the department is firing on all
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Police discretion by definition is the power to make decisions of policy and practice. Police have the choice to enforce certain laws and how they will be enforced. "Some law is always or almost always enforced‚ some is never or almost never enforced‚ and some is sometimes enforced and sometimes not" (Davis‚ p.1). Similarly with discretion is that the law may not cover every situation a police officer encounters‚ so they must use their discretion wisely. Until 1956‚ people thought of police discretion
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Future of Policing With the many challenges that police officers face today the trends of policing may hinder them more than not. Our society has become more computer savoy over the last decade forcing our police departments to step up and keep up with technology in order to stay ahead of the average criminal. It is almost impossible today for the average police department to operate without the means of new and advance technology. The new generation of criminal mind is one that has had access
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Crime is often glorified through movies and music. Crime happens in many forms and has different effects. Just about everyone in America has been exposed to some form of crime in their lifetimes‚ if not performing crimes themselves. Typically‚ crime is kept under control by processes of the law and law enforcement. Sometimes‚ however‚ crime has a tremendous effect on society and the people within it as a whole. Different types of crime can serve different purposes and functions. In the early 1900s
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past five centuries‚ black people have endured violence in many different ways. Today‚ police officers use deadly‚ excessive force that leads to inexcusable assaults‚ beatings and shootings. This demonstrates the governmentТs role in initiating and prolonging racial suppression and provides the explanation for police brutality to become a federal crime(Black Radical Congress‚ 3). In history‚ racist violence‚ police brutality‚ has been used to suppress the racial blacks and to preserve power and privileges
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have become a major concern today in the United States. The citizens of the United States confidence and trust in policing of the police are at the lowest point since the Rodney King beating. Many Americans still report confidence in the police‚ however an unprecedented number of Americans also report no or very little confidence in policing. Throughout history poor police/community relations in minority and low-income neighborhoods has documented. It has been exacerbated by egregious acts of misconduct
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I will be writing my research paper on police subculture and how the affects of police subculture impact the body of the law and how it relates to crime. Police subculture is an array of standard procedures and values that rule law enforcers activates in relation to their contractual responsibilities. Police officers were ranked the fifth most stressful job in the world. Since police work is very stressful‚ police officers have to deal with many hostile individuals in the public and therefore they
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