(a) Who was Makarios Makarios III was the Archbishop and primate of the autocephalous Church of Cyprus since 1950 until his death in 1977. During the 1950s he became the political leader of the anti-colonial struggle of the Greek Cypriot movement EOKA (National Organization of Cypriot Fighters) that fought against the British colonisers. Consequently Makarios‚ because of his dual role‚ became the Ethnarch‚ the de facto leader of the Greek Cypriot Community. Makarios showed from the early beginning
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“There has not been “an incident in Byzantine history with which the church of St. Sophia is not associated.”1 The Church of the Divine Wisdom has a long and storied history‚ much of it drenched in the blood of those who died fighting over it. On May 28‚ 1453‚ Constantine XI entered Hagia Sophia to pray while the crowning jewel of his empire‚ Constantinople‚ was being raided and burned by Mehmed II‚ a Muslim invader with an extensive army at his back. The emperor prayed at the church before climbing
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Role of the Papacy in the 4th Crusade The fourth Crusade was one of the most astonishing turn of events during the Middle Ages. Each Crusade was called for one purpose‚ to reconquer the Holy Land from the Muslims. With that in mind‚ the fourth Crusade was disaster‚ not only failing to get anywhere near Jerusalem but then to attack and conquer two Christian cities‚ which had been unprecedented to this time. When discussing these points in history‚ it is important to discuss how such events came to
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Europe happened during the Crusades. The Crusades began in 1095 when Pope Urban II called for the nations in Europe in unite for one cause. Before Pope Urban’s calling‚ Europe was divided into civil wars‚ but he had called for a union. The Crusades were directed towards Muslims‚ concentrating on the city of Jerusalem. The Crusades brought power and recognition to the pope but as the Crusades became less successful‚ the pope lost this power and popularity. The Crusades also brought more power to the
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Explain why Pope Urban II called for a Crusade in Clermont 1095. One reason‚ or trigger for Pope Urban calling the crusade would have been Alexius’ request for his help. Alexius asked for Pope Urban’s aid in helping him to fight the Turks; this is because they were closing in and starting to invade Constantinople‚ which was the main frontier between the Christian and Islamic worlds. Emperor Alexius felt threatened by the Turks‚ and knew that Pope Urban in him being the head of the Church (the
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The Crusades Through Arab Eyes Former director a Beirut newspaper‚ An-Nahur and world renowned Prince of Asturias Award laureate for Letters winner‚ Amin Maalouf has received many accolades for his historical non fiction works as well as award winning operas. His book‚ The Crusades through Arab Eyes has served as his most noteworthy work yet. The author states clearly in the prologue that the book provides the reader with a view of the Crusades from the other side of the battles. The author uses
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The Crusades were a series of military campaigns that were fueled by religious views and the need for power by rivaling kingdoms. They were necessary for the political and cultural survival of Western Europe due to the positive consequences it had on education. The spread of knowledge from kingdom to kingdom due to societies working together for a common cause‚ and being introduced to it while in the invaded kingdoms‚ lead to the advancement of technology and medicine. New trade routes and crusaders
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attacks were the only reason Rome fell. 4. The Romans hired foreign soldiers to help protect their borders. What term describes such a soldier? Legion *** Visigoth Mercenary 5. The next 7 centuries‚ spanning from the fall of Rome to the first Crusade‚ would be an age of widespread violence‚ i______________‚ disease‚ and s_____________. A time when urban lliteracy uperstition populations throughout the continent would decline and life w_______________. ithered 6. What became of the Colosseum
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of: Christianity‚ Isalm‚ Jerusalem‚ Crusades‚ trades‚ ’’Black Plague‚ had a major impact the population. 435 people gotten together to make the Bible‚ eventually led a Catholic church to be created. The leader of the Catholic church is called the Pope. The Pope will do anything to keep the Christianity’s religion glorified‚ if it was meant to kill or kick people out of there homes it was going to happen. The Crusade killed people in the Holy States. The Crusade were military campaigns sanctioned by
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The First Crusade was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II with the stated goal of capturing the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslims‚ but this was more easily said than done. The motions that set this in place began “in 1071 when the Seljuk Sultan of Baghdad defeated the main Byzantine field army at Manzikert in Eastern Asia Minor and during the next few years Turkish war bands occupied most of the Asiatic Provinces of Byzantium. This made it hazardous for western pilgrims to make
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