ENDOGENOUS PROCESSES AND ASSOCIATED LANDFORMS THE EVER CHANGING LANDSCAPE • • • • • • Earth’s surface is ever changing Endogenous processess- interior of the earth Mountains‚ plateaus and plains formed Occurences of volcanoes and earthquakes Processess- slow and sudden Many areas rise or subside NOTABLE CHANGES • • • • Breaking of Gondwanaland 120 mya Indian peninsula started drifting towards north Took present shape around 40 mya Raising of Himalayas- present height during last 1 million years
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BENEFIT Volcanoes are usually depicted as towering mountains missing a chunk out of the top from which steam‚ ash and lava spew forth. In reality‚ a volcano is any spot on the surface of the Earth where lava flows. Magma finds its way upwards along fissures or cracks in the planet ’s crust and bursts out onto the surface‚ resulting in a volcano. Magma that flows out of a volcano is called lava. If it comes out of the volcano in an explosive ejection — like Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 — it ’s called tephra.
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FULL SET OF NOTES ON TECHTONICS 2012 AQA GEOGRAPHY FULL SET OF NOTES ON TECHTONICS 2012 AQA GEOGRAPHY TECHTONICS | TOPICS | UNDERSTOOD/COVERED? | PLATE MOVEMENT | | SEISMICITY | | VULCANICITY | | These notes were copied from an AQA textbook. They contain EVERYTHING you need to know for the exam for the tectonics section. You WILL however‚ need to use your own case studies as these are not included. You will need 2 case studies for volcanoes‚ and 2 case studies for earthquakes
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HAZARDS EXAMPLE PHOTO Lava flows burn and bury crops. Mount Merapi‚ Indonesia - More than 350 people were killed. An estimated 75‚000 residents had been evacuated from the area between October to November 2010. Ash falls ruin crops and machinery‚ disrupt transport‚ pollute the air and cause breathing difficulties. Mount Etna‚ Italy - Grapes needed to be washed individually before consumption to avoid ingesting fine ash. This effectively ruined the grape crop economically‚ even though the
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eruptions. When magma forces its way up to the crust of the earth‚ this causes an eruption (Langley‚2006). Therefore‚ the more scientists learn about magma‚ the more they learn about eruptions. During certain eruptions‚ up to 1.5 million tons of lava can be spewed per second(Heenan‚2014). This shows scientists how dangerous volcanoes can be. Debris and smoke shoot out of the volcano right before it erupts (A+E network‚2010). It would seem that this is enough warning that the volcano is going
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Creation of Oahu by Volcanism Karen Ta: 430 BOT 450 TR 10:30-11:20 Volcanoes are magnificent formations from an opening in a planet’s crust. They form when magma‚ volcanic ash‚ and gases escape from a magma chamber below the surface of the planet. Tectonic plates cover the surface of the planet and are constantly moving. Volcanoes are generally found where these plates converge or diverge. Not only are volcanoes found in these areas but also where the Earth’s crust is stretching or thinning
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Epigenetics has changed the way scientists have originally viewed the way people act based on nature and nurture. Identical twins and mice are a good example of this. Biologists have questioned how identical twins that have the same DNA can end up with different traits. For example one twin could develop bipolar disorder and the other twin is uneffected. So how does this happen when they have the same DNA? The answer is epigenetics. Histones have DNA wrapped around them to keep the DNA
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As the pockets get cool slowly‚ the magma turns into the Igneous rocks. Igneous rocks can also be formed when the volcanoes erupt. In this time‚ the magma rise above the surface of the Earth‚ When the magma comes above the Earth‚ it is known as the Lava. After that‚ the magma or lave spreads on the ground and get cool. This way‚ the Igneous rocks get formed. All the Igneous rocks do not get cool in the same way‚ as a result‚ all these rocks don’t look the same. The rocks can be classified according
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Rock Extrusive rocks are also called volcanic rocks and extrusive rocks are formed on the earth’s surface. Extrusive rocks also form from magma‚ but a form of lava. Magma flows onto the earth’s surface by an eruption by a volcano. When the magma hits the earth’s surface‚ the magma turns into lava. Extrusive rocks are formed by lava‚ and the lava will harden quickly and crystallize quickly‚ either by hot spots or on the earth’s surface. Igneous rocks are considered felsic‚ intermediate‚ mafic‚ and ultramafic
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particles? Or that the majority of volcanoes are submarine? Understanding some of these different facts can help us to understand the earth’s volcanic processes. Volcanoes erupt different materials and those can become different after cooling. Things like lava‚ gases
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