report is created with a discussion over several important international finance topics for instance‚ interest-rate parity‚ currency risk management‚ regarding description on Carrefour S.A. financing policies as well as hedging strategy. Additionally‚ we also discussed on which currency Carrefour should issue its 10-year‚ 750 million euro‚ annual coupon bond‚ its foreign currency risk exposure and a possible hedging decision in dealing with any or all of the identified risks. Summary of the Case
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We all know that each country has its own currency (except in Europe where a group of countries have a common currency). The rate at which we can convert one currency into another currency is know as conversion rate between those two currencies. Therefore‚ if I have Rs1‚000/- with me and I wish to get US $ by surrendering the above INR‚ I need to go to a bank or an authorized currency dealers for this transaction. They will convert my INR into US$ at that day’s rate. Thus‚ it becomes clear
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depending on currency movements. POINT: if the dollar is strong (weak)‚ French wine is cheaper (more expensive) for an American. The value of the $ in relation to the € will affect the price of foreign goods for an American. When the dollars appreciates‚ foreign goods/assets/services are CHEAPER. When the dollar depreciates‚ foreign goods/assets/services are MORE EXPENSIVE. SUMMARY of the Advantages/Disadvantages of a Strong/Weak Currency: 1. Strong dollar = Weak foreign currency: a. Advantages:
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INS Chapter 16 Additional Topics in International Capital Budgeting questions 1. Why should the required rate of return for a capital budgeting problem be project specific? Doesn’t the firm just have to satisfy an overall cost-of-capital requirement? Answer: The required rate of return for a capital budgeting problem is project specific because the firm is viewed as a portfolio of projects owned by the shareholders. It is the shareholder’s perspective that matters‚ and it is their
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physical commodity‚ for example gold. The only thing that gives money value is its relative scarcity and the confidence placed in it by the people that use it. Fiat money enables currency speculation and arbitrage to increase‚ for example the East Asian crisis 1997. The proposed gold dinar will not replace the domestic currencies. It will be used only for external trade among the participating countries. For the initial stage‚ gold dinar will be used for Bilateral Payment Agreements (BPAs) and will be
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This study examined the role of foreign exchange risk management (FERM) on performance management of exporting firms in developing countries taking Uganda as the case study. The conceptual framework relating to FERM attributes (currency risk assessment and currency risk management strategies) and the indicators of performance (profitability and sales growth) were constructed. A cross section and descriptive research design was adopted using a representative sample of 51 exporting firms and
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measures. But exchange rates matter on a smaller scale as well: they impact the real return of an investor’s portfolio. Here we look at some of the major forces behind exchange rate movements. A higher currency makes a country’s exports more expensive and imports cheaper in foreign markets; a lower currency makes a country’s exports cheaper and its imports more expensive in foreign markets. A higher exchange rate can be expected to lower the country’s balance of trade‚ while a lower exchange rate would
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3. MONEY Money is everything that serves as universally excepted medium of exchange or means of payment. Functions of money: Medium of exchange – enables people to exchange goods and services for other commodities Store of value – at home money loses value because of inflation so it is better to deposit financial assets with a bank. Money can also be stored in other forms – securities (cenné papiry)‚ shares‚ or bonds (dluhopisy‚ obligace). We can also invest in properties‚ lands‚ arts‚ jewelry
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Union use the Euro as their common currency. Using the functions of money described in chapter 3‚ what are the advantages of a common currency? Money has 3 functions. It serves as a medium of exchange‚ a unit of account and as a store of value. Currency unions‚ such as the Euro‚ are aided by all three of these functions of money. By serving as a medium of exchange a common currency facilitates international transactions in the Eurozone. Without a common currency transaction between individuals
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be beneficial to a country for the following reasons. First‚ exporters and importers could engage in international trade without concern about exchange rate movements of the currency to which their local currency is linked. Any firms that accept the foreign currency as payment would be insulated from the risk that the currency could depreciate over time Advantages of Fixed Exchange Rates to MNCs. In a fixed exchange rate environment‚ MNCs may be able to engage in international trade‚ direct foreign
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