Experiment #9 – Identification of Aldehydes and Ketones Introduction Aldehydes and ketones share the carbonyl functional group which features carbon doubly bonded to oxygen. In the case of ketones there are two carbon atoms bonded to the carbonyl carbon and no hydrogens. In the case of aldehydes there is at least one hydrogen bonded to the carbonyl carbon; the other attachment may be to a carbon or a hydrogen. In all cases the carbon(s) that are attached to the carbonyl group may be aliphatic (not
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The Impact of Aerosols on Solar Ultraviolet Radiation and Photochemical Smog R. R. Dickerson*‚ S. Kondragunta‚ G. Stenchikov‚ K. L. Civerolo‚ B. G. Doddridge‚ B. N. Holben ABSTRACT Photochemical smog‚ or ground-level ozone‚ has been the most recalcitrant of air pollution problems‚ but reductions in emissions of sulfur and hydrocarbons may yield unanticipated benefits in air quality. While sulfate and some organic aerosol particles scatter solar radiation back into space and can cool Earth ’s
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Experiment IV Solubility of Dissolved Oxygen Purpose To demonstrate the effect of partial pressure‚ temperature and salinity on the solubility of dissolved oxygen and to demonstrate the interference of nitrite in dissolved oxygen analysis by the Winkler Method. To demonstrate the use of the oxygen electrode and the difference between activity and concentration. References 1. Mancy‚ K. H.‚ Jaffe‚ T.‚ "Analysis of Dissolved Oxygen in Natural and Waste Water‚" USDHEW Public Health Service
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Section 1 The European Commission has taken legal action against the UK due to the excessive levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the air and for breaching its obligation to reduce these levels by 2010. Of the 43 zones in the UK‚ 40 exceed the standard set by the European Air Pollution Directive in 1999 to take effect in 2010. The Directive states if the deadline has not been met‚ an extension can be granted upon the approval of submitted air quality plans. Air quality plans have been submitted
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Lab 6: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution(1) Nitration of Methyl Benzoate(2) Synthesis of 1‚4-Di-t-butyl-2‚5-dimethoxybenzene byFriedel-Crafts Alkylation of 1‚4-DimethoxybenzenePurpose1)To carry out the nitration of methyl benzoate‚ and then identify the major product formed (position at which nitro-group substitution takes place) by thin-layer chromatography (TLC)‚ the percent yield and the melting point range. 2)To synthesize 1‚4-Di-t-butyl-2‚5-dimethoxybenzene by Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of
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were considered with nine sampling points (SP1 – SP9) in each area placed 8.0m away from the edge of the road in downwind direction. Priority parameters: CO‚ NO2‚ SO2‚ PM10 and noise level were monitored. Other relevant parameters monitored includes ambient temperature‚ wind direction‚ wind velocity and traffic count. The results of CO‚ NO2‚ SO2‚ PM10 and noise level were in the range of 3.3-8.7ppm‚ 0.02 – 0.09ppm‚ 0.04 – 0.15ppm‚ 170 - 260 μ g/m3 and 58.5 -72.4dB respectively. The highest level
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Office Use Only | | | | | | | | | | | | Monash University Semester Two Examination Period 2010 Faculty Of Science EXAM CODES: CHM1022 TITLE OF PAPER: CHEMISTRY EXAM DURATION: 3 hours writing time READING
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PAHANG TRIAL 2009 EXAMINATION CHEMISTRY PAPER 2 MARKING SCHEMES SECTION A - Structural Questions: Question 1. (a) (i) The presence of isotopes 1M (ii) Let the abundance of 63X be a %. The % abundance of 65X. = ( 100 – a ) 1M Relative atomic mass = ( 62.93 x a) + ( 64.93 x ( 100 -a) ) 1M
Free Atom Electron Covalent bond
Ka‚ Acid Dissociation Constant and Kb‚ Base Dissociation Constant (Lesson Recap) Ka‚ Acid Dissociation Constant Ka- is the Keq for the dissociation for a weak acid. e.g Acetic Acid‚ when dissolved in H2O CH3COOH (aq) + H2O (l) (ACID) (BASE) CH3COO (aq) + H3O(l) (CONJ BASE) (CONJ ACID) CH3COOH (aq) + H2O(l) ↔ CH3COO (aq) + H3O(l) *ONLY weak acid and back can be reversible Equation for Ka : Keq= [CH3COO(aq)] [H3O(l)][CH3COOH(aq)] [H2O(l)] Keq x [H2O
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advantages but there are also some disadvantages that will be discussed in this paper. NO therapies mode of action is classified as a pulmonary vasodilator. NO gas is full of lipid-soluble free radicals that combine with oxygen to become nitrogen dioxide (NO2). NO is normally produced in the body by a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme NO synthase. NO activates guanylate cyclase‚ which catalyzes the production of cyclic guanosine 3’‚ 5’-monophosphate (also called cGMP). The end result is that increased cGMP
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