Terms | Definitions | Explan why the larger waves seen on the oscilloscope represent ventricular contraction | the ventricle contraction is of greater force than the atrial contraction‚ this is due to the fact that ventricle’s fxn is to send blood throughout the body. | Explain why the amplitude of the wave did not change when you increased the frequency of the stimulation in cardiac muscle. | amplitude does not change because the cardiacs long refractory period prevents summation. | Why is
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is simply a combination of the 2 forms at a 50%/50% mixture‚ making it a racemic compound (Ehrlich‚ 2013). Phenylalanine is a precursor for tyrosine‚ another amino acid that’s needed to make proteins and brain chemicals which includes L-dopa‚ epinephrine‚ norepinephrine‚ and thyroid hormones (Ehrlich‚ 2013).
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to Congestive Heart Failure. The risks factors include hypertension‚ male gender‚ diabetes‚ a diet high in fats and a previous heart attack. Pathophysiological processes As heart failure develops in the body nueurohormaonal mechanisms stimulate. Epinephrine and Norepinephrine are released by the sympathetic nervous system. After the heart begins to have a decrease in renal perfusion there is a release in renin then the formation of angiotensin I. This is then converted into angiotensin II which makes
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In the world there is anywhere from 4 to 8 percent of people that have food allergies. Food Allergies affect over 60 million people in the United States. One in thirteen children have a food allergy. Food allergies are a rising epidemic. Food allergies have increased dramatically in the last 20 years. Food allergies affect children and adults of all races and ethnicity. A food allergy can begin at any age (James Baker). Food allergies have many effects on a person. Food allergies affect a person
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How fever works How does fever happen? Once endogenous pyrogens have been produced by the primary immune response‚ they must travel to the brain to actually induce fever. After their increased production by activated immune cells‚ cytokines such as IL-1‚ IL-6‚ and TNF are distributed throughout the body through the blood‚ as they are all soluble proteins. Now‚ then‚ these cytokines must have a target to signal and cause a reaction. PGE As it plays a central role in thermal regulation‚ it
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What Causes Food Allergy? Food allergies occur when the immune system mounts an attack on certain proteins in certain foods. The substances in the food that cause this immune system response are called allergens. The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that help defend the body against unknown substances. When a properly functioning immune system detects an unknown substance‚ it responds to this threat by producing proteins called antibodies against the invaders. The antibodies
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are regulated by transcription factors such as nuclear factor – κB and activator protein 1. Β2-adrenoreceptor agonists are usually used for asthma related allergic disease where it will be inhaled (Holgate and Polosa‚ 2008). These agonists (e.g. epinephrine) bind to the Β2-adrenoreceptors and stimulate the adenylate cyclase through signal-transducing G protein‚ increasing cyclic adenosine 3’5’-monophosphate (cAMP)‚ activating protein kinase A. This will mediate smooth-muscle relaxation through phosphorylation
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Advantage Selective advantage – a genetic advantage of one organism over its competitors Causes organisms to be favorable in terms of survival and reproduction Helps organism survive the changing environmental conditions and reproduce Water flea Daphnia before can only live in water around 20 and cannot survive 27 or warmer. However due to mutations it enabled the population of DAPHINA to survive in temperatures between 25 and 30. Rapid Reproduction and Selective Advantage Some populations of
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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single parent‚ and inherit the genes of that parent only; it is reproduction which does not involve meiosis‚ ploidy reduction‚ or fertilization. The offspring will be exact genetic copies of the parent. A more stringent definition is agamogenesis which is reproduction without the fusion of gametes. Asexual reproduction is the primary form of reproduction for single-celled organisms such as the archaea
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Week 14 Study Guide – The Endocrine System 1) What are hormones? Chemicals that are released to influence bodily functions. 2) How are hormones transported? Via bloodstream. 3) Why is the pituitary gland called the “Master” gland? Controls other glands and produces many hormones. 4) What are the two segments of the pituitary? Posterior and anterior pituitary. 5) Where is the thyroid gland located? Anterior to neck‚ inferior to larynx. 6) What are the symptoms of myxedema
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