9-296-077 REV: APRIL 27‚ 2006 KENNETH A. FROOT ANDRÉ F. PEROLD Global Equity Markets: The Case of Royal Dutch and Shell In early January 1996‚ Ms. Joanne Partridge‚ Director of Research at High Street Global Advisors (“High Street”)‚ a Boston-based global investment management organization‚ was studying the price behavior of the shares of Royal Dutch Petroleum and Shell Transport and Trading. It seemed that Royal Dutch and Shell should trade in fixed proportions since they represented equivalent
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Cost of debt When individuals use the cost of debt‚ they should know the measurement of the interest rate‚ or the yield paid to the bondholders. When analyzing the cost of debt‚ people should know that it ’s an effective rate that businesses are willing to pay on the current debt that they have accrued. The cost of debt is a measurement of the before or after tax returns. Considering the case that individuals can deduct the interest‚ makes the tax after cost more popular than the before tax. A business
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cash flow models: Dividend discount Free cash flow to the firm Residual income Multiples-based valuation: Price-earnings Value-EBITDA Value-EBIT Value-Sales Price-Book value Equity valuation In conjunction with the valuation of Coles Group‚ contained in “Excel03 Equity valuation” Real options valuation Equity markets price shares above the present value of expected future cash flows‚ due to the presence of embedded options not captured by DCF analysis Real options valuation is introduced
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BACKGROUND JetBlue envision to create high quality airline at low-fares‚ to accomplish this JetBlue is developing high technology (Paperless) to meet efficiency but also focused on service improvisation. Profile • Founder • Focus Area : David Neeleman : New York‚ Florida & California • Operations : February 11‚ 2000 • First Flight : Between New York’s JFK &Fort Lauderdale • Initial Capital : $130 million Mission Core Values Safety Caring Integrity Fun Passion
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Cost of Debt and Cost of Equity: Cost of Debt is the interest rate and the Cost of Equity is the expected rate of return demanded by investors in the firm’s common stock. The issue at hand is finding the correct costs of debt and equity in order to find an accurate calculation of WACC. Cohen used the 20-year yield on U.S. Treasuries as the risk free rate‚ which we found to be the correct figure given that Nike Inc. debt was valued over 25 years. Because there is no other given yield that is comparable
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meet its fixed charges. As a result‚ firms in unstable industries tend to use less debt than those whose sales are subject to only moderate fluctuations. 12-4 The tax benefits from debt increase linearly‚ which causes a continuous increase in the firm’s value and stock price. However‚ bankruptcy-related costs begin to be felt after some amount of debt has been employed‚ and these costs offset the benefits of debt. See Figure 12-5 in the textbook. 12-5 Carson does have leverage because its EPS
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Return on equity or return on capital is the ratio of net income of a business during a year to its stockholders’ equity during that year. It is a measure of profitability of stockholders’ investments. It shows net income as percentage of shareholder equity. Formula The formula to calculate return on equity is: ROE = Annual Net Income Average Stockholders’ Equity Net income is the after tax income whereas average shareholders’ equity is calculated by dividing the sum of shareholders’
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Debt with Warrants Like a convertible security‚ debt with warrants attached is issued with a feature that allows its holder to purchase a given number of shares at a certain price. Warrants act as a “sweetener” when attached to debt securities. It adds its marketability and lowers its required interest rate. Usually‚ the holders (of warrants) will not exercise their warrants until the market value of the security exceeds the exercise price because they can purchase the said security in a cheaper
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Is Convertible Debt a Substitute for Straight Debt or for Common Equity? Craig M. Lewis Owen Graduate School of Management Vanderbilt University Nashville‚ TN 37203 Richard J. Rogalski Amos Tuck School of Business Dartmouth College Hanover‚ NH 03755 James K. Seward Graduate School of Business University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison‚ WI 53706 August 1999 *The authors thank Kooyul Jung‚ Yong-Cheol Kim and Rene Stulz for providing their equity and debt security offer data set.
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DOCUMENTS AVAILABLE FOR INSPECTION LIST OF STOCKBROKERS AND INVESTMENT BANKS ON THE NAIROBI STOCK EXCHANGE 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 4 5 8 23 32 35 37 46 48 5 54 87 89 95 97 Appendix I 23. CDS FORM 1. LIST OF CONTACTS ISSUER ISSUER : EQUITY BANK LIMITED Registered Head Office‚ NHIF Building 4th Floor‚ P.O. Box 7504-00200 NAIROBI Name / Title of Contact Persons Mr. James Njuguna Mwangi Chief Executive & Managing Director Mrs. Mary Wangari Wamae Company Secretary and Registrar Office
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