Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow‚ Corporate Finance‚ and Takeovers Michael C. Jensen Harvard Business School MJensen@hbs.edu Abstract The interests and incentives of managers and shareholders conflict over such issues as the optimal size of the firm and the payment of cash to shareholders. These conflicts are especially severe in firms with large free cash flows—more cash than profitable investment opportunities. The theory developed here explains 1) the benefits of debt in reducing agency
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ineffective spending around the globe‚ lawmakers looking for cost-saving measures would do well to turn to prisons. Prison reform must attain the lowest economic costs‚ lowering actual taxpayer dollars spent without giving up the benefits of attaining important social goals‚ which represent another form of cost when lost. Undoubtedly‚ the current prison system is doing little to separate the US from its international counterparts in minimizing such cost‚ yet prison privatization has yielded hopeful results
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Cost Accounting: A Managerial Emphasis‚ EXHIBIT 11-1 Accounting Information and the Decision Process FIVE-STEP SEQUENCE Step 1: Gathering Information AN ILLUSTRATION The current manufacturing line uses 20 employees‚ 15 operating machines‚ and 5 handling materials‚ for a total cost of $640‚000. The rearrangement of the manufacturing assembly line is expected to eliminate materials-handling costs‚ equivalent to $160‚000. The cost of the rearrangement will be $90‚000. Historical
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MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING Information for Decision-Making and Strategy Execution SIXTH EDITION Anthony A. Atkinson University of Waterloo Robert S. Kaplan Harvard University Ella Mae Matsumura University of Wisconsin–Madison S. Mark Young University of Southern California Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City S~ Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore
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Peanuts and Cost Accounting A problem faced by a Restaurateur (Joe) as revealed by his Accountant-Efficiency Expert (Eff. Ex.) EFF. EX. Joe‚ you said you put in these peanuts because some people ask for them‚ but do you realize what this rack of peanuts is costing you? JOE It ain ’t gonna cost. ’Sgonna be a profit. Sure‚ I hadda pay $25 for a fancy rack to holda bags‚ but the peanuts cost 6 cents and I sell ’em for 10 cents. Figger I sell 50 bags a week to start. It ’ll take 12 ½ weeks to
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manufacturing cost categories. LO2 Distinguish between product costs and period costs and give examples of each. including calculation of the cost of goods sold. LO4 Prepare a schedule of cost of goods manufactured. LO5 Understand the differences between variable costs and fixed costs. LO6 Understand the differences between direct and indirect costs. LO7 Define and give examples of cost classifications used in making decisions: differential costs‚ opportunity costs‚ and sunk costs. LO8
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Covenant Marriage Would Decrease the Rate of Divorce Most people have the need to have a stable and secure life. Consequently‚ banks and financial advisors assist society in securing finances‚ police safeguards our lives and well-being; but what can protect our emotional state of life? What can save a marriage from divorce? The one of the possible effective ways to protect marriages from braking apart is covenant marriage. Covenant marriage is an option for couples to receive premarital counseling
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Managing Cost of Quality: Insight into Industry Practice Andrea Schiffauerova *‚ Vince Thomson ** * École Polytechnique de Montréal‚ Department of Mathematics and Industrial Engineering‚ Montreal ** Department of Mechanical Engineering‚ McGill University‚ Montreal‚ Canada Article Reference: Schiffauerova‚ A. and Thomson‚ V.‚ “Managing cost of quality: Insight into industry practice”‚ The TQM Magazine‚ 2006 Abstract This paper reports on the study of the quality costing practices at four large
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Cost is another component to assess when comparing two different modalities. It is an issue for many patients‚ as the patients are always concerned with the money required to use in the event where visitation to the hospital is inevitable. Cost-effectiveness in digital imaging comprises of direct and indirect effects (Sailer et al.‚ 2015). Hence‚ when accessing the cost-effectiveness‚ it is essential to understand that the imaging test must provide added value. Otero et al. (2008) state that the
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Microeconomics Topic 6: “Be able to explain and calculate average and marginal cost to make production decisions.” Reference: Gregory Mankiw’s Principles of Microeconomics‚ 2nd edition‚ Chapter 13. Long-Run versus Short-Run In order to understand average cost and marginal cost‚ it is first necessary to understand the distinction between the “long run” and the “short run.” Short run: a period of time during which one or more of a firm’s inputs cannot be changed. Long run: a period of time during which
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