drugs) Injected (bee venom‚ drugs‚ biologic substances) Contacted (pollens‚ foods‚ environmental proteins) Systemic Other reactions may involve all blood vessels and bronchiolar smooth muscle‚ causing widespread blood vessel dilation‚ decreased cardiac output‚ and bronchoconstriction‚ which is known as anaphylaxis Local Some reactions occur just in the areas exposed to the antigen. Such as mucous membranes of the nose and eyes‚ causing symptoms of rhinorrhea‚ sneezing and itchy red watery eyes
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Handbook of Pathophysiology (January 15‚ 2001): by Springhouse Corporation‚ With 13 Contributors‚ Springhouse By OkDoKeY Handbook of Pathophysiology Contents Staff Contributors Foreword 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2 CANCER 3 INFECTION 4 GENETICS 5 FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES 6 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 7 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 8 NERVOUS SYSTEM 9 GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM Pathophysiology in color Understanding Asthma Understanding Cancer Understanding Osteoporosis Understanding Ulcers 10 MUSCULOSKELETAL
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rapid and irregular atrial contractions that result in ineffective emptying of the atria. The two upper chambers (atria) beat out of sync with the two lower chambers (ventricles). This ineffective rhythm and ineffective emptying causes decreased cardiac output and stasis of blood. The stasis that results can cause harmful clots to pool in the atria putting patients at risk for thromboembolic stroke‚ pulmonary embolus‚ or renal embolus. An estimated 15% to 25% of strokes are associated with AF
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what causes reperfusion damage. 18. Explain the significance of each component of the cardiac conduction system and trace how the cardiac impulse travels through the myocardium. 19. Name the common term for the sinoatrial (SA) node. 20. Discuss the physiological stages of cardiac muscle contraction and trace how they appear on graph plotting mV vs. time. 21. Explain why the refractory period between cardiac muscle contractions is so long. 22. Trace a typical ECG and label each wave or complex
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During the postoperative period‚ the majority of the patient may have the postoperative complication such as cardiac compromise (hypertension and hypotension)‚ altered respiratory pattern (hypoxaemia)‚ and altered neurological status (Rose‚ & Clarke‚ 2010). Postoperative complications such as bleeding‚ haematoma‚ decrease urine output and abdominal tenderness (Bergamini‚ Martellucci‚ Tozzi‚ & Valeri‚ 2011). In this case study‚ Susan is hypothermic resulted from post-surgery
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Chapter 14: Critical Care Nursing (Pg 338-366‚ 412-437) Chapter 15: Cardiovascular Disorders Coronary Artery Disease Description and Etiology The biggest contributor to cardiovascular system- related morbidity and mortality is coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease that affects arteries throughout the body. (CAD) Risk Factors for CAD 1. Age‚ Gender‚ Race (non-modifiable) a. More common in men than women b. Higher in women over 75 years of age 2. Family History
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The Complete list of NANDA Nursing Diagnosis for 2012-2014‚ with 16 new diagnoses. Below is the list of the 16 new NANDA Nursing Diagnoses 1. Risk for Ineffective Activity Planning 2. Risk for Adverse Reaction to Iodinated Contrast Media 3. Risk for Allergy Response 4. Insufficient Breast Milk 5. Ineffective Childbearing Process 6. Risk for Ineffective Child Bearing Process 7. Risk for Dry Eye 8. Deficient Community Health 9. Ineffective Impulse Control 10. Risk for Neonatal Jaundice
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counts. When sepsis is associated with one or more organ dysfunctions‚ it is referred as severe sepsis. Organ dysfunction can be defined as acute lung injury; coagulation abnormalities; thrombocytopenia; altered mental status; renal‚ liver‚ or cardiac failure; or hypo-perfusion with lactic acidosis. Septic shock is defined as sepsis-induced hypotension with lower than 90 mm Hg or reduction by 40 mm Hg or more from baseline in the absence of other causes‚ persisting despite adequate fluid resuscitation
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INTRODUCTION Definition; It is a complex clinical syndrome that can result from any cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the ventricle to deliver adequate quantities of blood to the metabolizing tissues during normal activity or at rest. Causes 1. Although the disease occurs most commonly among the elderly (80% of patients hospitalized with CHF are > 65 years of age)‚ it may appear at any age as a consequence of underlying cardiovascular disease. 2. There currently is no single
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Nursing Diagnosis # 1 Ineffective breathing pattern related to decreased oxygen saturation‚ poor tissue perfusion‚ obesity‚ decreased air entry to bases of both lungs‚ gout and arthritic pain‚ decreased cardiac output‚ disease process of COPD‚ and stress as evidenced by shortness of breath‚ BMI > 30 abnormal breathing patterns (rapid‚ shallow breathing)‚ abnormal skin colour (slightly purplish)‚ excessive diaphoresis‚ nasal flaring and use of accessory muscles‚ statement of joint pain‚ oxygen
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