At the end of the lecture‚ the students should be able to; 1. Define pharmaceutical solutions. 2. Discuss the advantages & drawbacks of pharmaceutical solutions as dosage form. 3. Explain the formulation components in pharmaceutical solutions. 4. Describe types of pharmaceutical solutions. Solutions are: Dosage forms prepared by dissolving the active ingredient(s) in an aqueous or non aqueous solvent. Solutions can be formulated for different routes of administration Orally: Syrups‚ elixirs‚ drops
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BUFFERS By: Luis P. Bazan‚ RPh.‚ Ph.D. A buffer solution is a solution of: 1. A weak acid or a weak base and 2. The salt of the weak acid or weak base Both must be present! A buffer solution has the ability to resist changes in pH upon the addition of small amounts of either acid or base. Consider an equal molar mixture of CH3COOH and CH3COONa CH3COOH (aq) H+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq) Adding more acid creates a shift left IF enough acetate ions are present 16.3 Which of the
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“Deforestation brings about more harm than benefits to humans.” Using studies you have made‚ explain how far you agree with this statement. Deforestation refers to the clearing of forests‚ usually at such a rapid rate that it is impossible for the forests to regenerate naturally in a short time. Deforestation brings benefits to humans by clearing land that can be used for settlement‚ to make space for a growing population to live in. However‚ it also brings harm to humans because eroded topsoil
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The Holocaust- Final Solution The Final Solution was annihilation of the Jews. Hitler was the one that lead the Nazi’s to kill the Jews. The only way that this or even the Holocaust could have happened was because of World War II. Three things had leaded the Holocaust; if any of these were taken away it could have never happened. Firstly‚ Hitler had to bring all the Jews under his control. In 1939‚ he had only 1% of Jews under his power. In three short years in 1942‚ he had 75% of Jews under
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What is the experiment about? The experiment is about finding the time it takes for a solution of neutrase and milk to clear when using different concentrations of neutrase. Why did I choose to experiment on how the concentration of neutrase effects the time a milk solution takes to clear? I could have chosen to test how the reaction times differed at different temperatures‚ but I chose to experiment on the effect different concentrations of enzymes. The reason I did this was because I felt that
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effects of hypotonic‚ hypertonic and isotonic solutions on mustard green . OBJECTIVE : To study the effects of hypotonic ‚ hypertonic and isotonic solutions on mustard green . PROBLEM STATEMENT : How does the hypotonic ‚ hypertonic and isotonic solutions affect the mustard green ? HYPOTHESIS : An increase the concentration of solutions ‚ as decrease the percentage of change in most of mustard green . MANIPULATED VARIABLE : The concentration of solution . RSEPONDING VARIABLE : Percentage of change
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Discuss how a protected area managed as a strict nature reserve or wilderness reserve in an HFLD (High Forest and Low Deforestation) country like Guyana can contribute to the achievement of REDD+ objectives. REDD means Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation in developing countries. Its overarching objective is to reduce greenhouse gases. REDD-plus includes the role of conservation‚ sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries
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purpose of this lab is to find out how does the concentration of a saline solution affect the movement of the solvent molecules. Before the experiment‚ it was predicted that the saline solution in baggies would remain inside‚ without mixing with the water‚ and that the mass would not change. Throughout the experiment‚ the saline solution was added into the baggie‚ it was discovered that a small portion of the saline solution would leave the bag. In the baggie that has 0.2 percent concentration of
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Abstract In this experiment‚ the Ksp for calcium sulfate dihydrate‚ CaSO4·2H2O‚ by titrating 4 times a calcium sulfate dihydrate solution with diprotic EDTA‚ H2(EDTA)2-. For each trial we found the Ksp by means of molarities and activities. The results for the Ksp using only molarities was very different than the Ksp using activities. The average Ksp using molarity only was 2.26 x 10-4 and the average Ksp using activity turned out to be 2.31 x 10-5. The actual Ksp however‚ is 3.14 x 10-5. A percent
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CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION In some cases‚ deforestation can be beneficial. Given the right mix of social needs‚ economic opportunities‚ and environmental conditions‚ it can be a rational conversion from one type of land use to a more productive one. The tragedy lies in the fact that most lands that have been deforested in recent decades are not suited for long-term farming or ranching and they quickly degrade once the forest has been cut and burnt. Unlike the fertile soils of temperate latitudes
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