Synthesis and Structure of Alcohols Alcohols can be considered organic analogues of water. H O H R O H Alcohols are usually classified as primary‚ secondary and tertiary. H R H OH H primary R R OH R R OH OH R secondary tertiary phenol Alcohols with the hydroxyl bound directly to an aromatic (benzene) ring are called phenols. Nomenclature of Alcohols (Normally any compound’s name which ends in –ol is an alcohol of some sort) IUPAC rules that:
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In the organic layer‚ the HBr becomes more reactive toward the alkene by dehydrating it and the addition becomes likely. The rate of the reaction is determined by the efficiency of dividing the reagents and reactants to increase the surface area. Thus‚ the reaction mixture must be vigorously agitated by stirring allowing the formation
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bacteria within 5 minutes of exposure. It is a 70% isopropyl alcohol solution suitable for use as a disinfectant and is safe for contact with the skin. Alcohol mixed with water is an effective disinfectant. The water is the mix prevents the cell from dehydrating and allows the alcohol component to disrupt the cell membrane and enter the cell resulting in the denaturing of cellular proteins. It is a 70% isopropyl alcohol for use as a disinfectant and is safe for contact with the skin. The primary disadvantages
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Materials The proponent has a direct contact with the onion farmers that will supply the raw materials needed. Machines There is no machine available here in the country for faster drying. Methods There are available methods for dehydrating/ drying onions. Manpower There is no need to hire professional workers. Management The owners have engaged in business and they have sufficient knowledge and training in handling a business. Moment(Time) The proponents are dedicated
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FOOD PRESERVATION Food is preserved to prevent natural and microbial decay‚ by modifying the conditions that favour enzyme activity and the growth of micro-organisms. Foods are preserved for the following reasons: 1. To add variety to the diet‚ by making food available out of season. 2. To make use of food when it is cheap and plentiful and to store it for later use. 3. To vary the diet by preserving food in ways the make a new product out of the food (e.g. pickling‚ jam making).
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[pic] WRITTEN RECORD |Learner name: |Sarah Armstrong | |Qualification: |Level 2 Supporting teaching and learning in schools | |Unit number & title: |Unit 6 Safeguarding the welfare of children and young people | |
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Hallucinogens According to Myers‚ hallucinogens distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input (which is why these drugs are also called psychedelics‚ meaning “mind-manifesting”). Some‚ such as LSD and MDMA (Ecstasy)‚ are synthetic‚ meaning that they are made in laboratories. Others‚ including the mild hallucinogen marijuana‚ are natural substances. “Hallucinogenic plants are among the oldest drugs used and abused by mankind. Hallucinogens naturally occur in spore-forming
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over-the-counter analgesic ointments . Benzocaine is the ethyl ester of paraaminobenzoic acid and as an ester it can be classified by Fischer esterification. Fischer esterification reactions typically include a carboxylic acid and alcohol as well as a dehydrating agent . Since esterification reactions are slow‚ a catalyst is required. The addition of the catalyst maximizes the yield of product (benzocaine) from the esterification since the reaction is reversible which means it tends to result in a low yield
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HISTORY OF DEHYDRATED FOODS wooden pallets or stacks of trays filled with food‚ with a draft system built into it to circulate the hot air. Today‚ the newer Natural Draft dehydrators use a 1‚000-watt element for heating as its heat source‚ or with the electric dehydrator using nine 75-watt bulbs totaling 675-watts‚ plus an electric fan. TYPES OF FOODS TO BE DEHYDRATED Solar dehydration or oven dehydration are good methods for meats‚ vegetables and fruits. If an oven is used‚ make sure there are
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Diagram : Observations : From our results‚the ester we made produced a light banana smell. In this experiment for preparation of an ester as the alcohol used was pentanol and the acid used was glacial acetic acid‚ added conc.sulfuric acid a dehydrating agent used to remove the moisture‚ safety was a priority in this experiment as this were all highly poisonous‚highly flammable and harmful to eyes and skin and hence proper eye protection‚ avoid contact with skin and clothes was suitable when using
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