Describe circadian rhythms (8marks) Circadian rhythms occur every 24 hours; an example of a circadian rhythm is the sleep-waking cycle. We are diurnal animals who are active during the daytime and asleep at night‚ other animals are nocturnal they are active at night but asleep during the day. The circadian rhythm depends on the interaction of physiological and psychological processes to be tuned into the sleep-waking cycle so energy is provided when needed. As diurnal humans we have a fairly stable
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Outline and evaluate the learning theory of attachment The learning theory‚ firstly proposed by Dolland Miller (1950) argues that attachment is a form of nurture and so is learnt. Behaviourists came up with the idea that it is learnt either through classical or operant conditioning. The learning theory was introduced by behaviourists who base most of their explanation on the effects of nurturing. They proposed that all behaviour is learned rather than inborn and In terms of attachment‚ through either
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Attachment is usually a word that we use to describe a feeling of connection that we have towards either an individual or an object. Similarly‚ childhood attachment occurs as an enduring‚ emotional closeness develops between children and their families. Attachment is essential because it allows children to prepare for the independence that they will need to develop to succeed as adults; it also helps pave the emotional and psychological grounds for children to be able to enter parenthood one day
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Ionic bonding is known as a type of chemical bond where the valence electrons are lost from one atom and gained by another. This exchange results in a more from one atom and gained by another. When an atom gains or loses electrons while being bonded with another atom an ion is formed. This bond causes an atom to become either a positive or negative ion. Electrons have a negative charge‚ meaning that if an atom loses an electron‚ the amount of protons are greater than electrons. This makes the atom
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The main characteristic of the concept of place attachment‚ (Ainsworth & Bell‚ 1970) “the propensity of human beings to seek out the place in which they feel comfortable and secure”‚ the effective bond that people have with the place they habituate has rarely been explicitly emphasized (Hidalgo). However‚ as Riley noted: “the affective attachments to ideas‚ people‚ psychological states‚ past experiences‚ and culture” are the crucial element of the concept. “And it is through the vehicle of particular
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Describe and evaluate social explanations of aggression. Aggression can be defined in many different ways. Bandura suggests that it is the intent to cause harm to another human being who is motivated to avoid such treatment. One of the main social psychological explanations of aggression comes from Bandura and Walters in 1963. He suggests that aggression is learned either indirectly; through observational learning and only replicated if vicarious reinforcement occurs‚ or directly- where aggressive
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Outline and evaluate psychological explanations for schizophrenia (24) One psychological explanation of SZ was put forward by Bateson et al (1956) who looked at childhood as a base for developing SZ‚ for example the interactions children have with their mothers. His explanation‚ the Double Bind theory‚ states that schizophrenia can occur due to conflicting messages given from parents to their children‚ for example when a parent expresses care but does so in a critical way. This means that the child
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put forward different explanations of attachment‚ such as learning theory and Bowlby’s theory. Outline and evaluate one or more explanations of attachment One explanation of attachment is Bowlby’s theory who described attachment as "lasting psychological connectedness between human beings" Bowlby believed that the earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers have a tremendous impact that continues throughout life. According to Bowlby‚ attachment also serves to keep the infant close
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Chemical reactions involve the making and breaking of bonds. It is essential that we know what bonds are before we can understand any chemical reaction. To understand bonds‚ we will first describe several of their properties. The bond strength tells us how hard it is to break a bond. Bond lengths give us valuable structural information about the positions of the atomic nuclei. Bond dipoles inform us about the electron distribution around the two bonded atoms. From bond dipoles we may derive electronegativity
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Outline and evaluate research into the effects of failure to form attachment (privation). Students are likely to describe cases of isolated children such as the Czech twins or Genie. Relevant studies of institutional care include Hodges and Tizard‟s longitudinal study of 65. British children from early life to adolescence and Rutter‟s study of Romanian orphans adopted by British families. Earlier research such as Skodak & Skeels or Spitz & Wolf may also be cited. Animal research‚ such as that of
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