Describe and evaluate gender schema theory. (8 marks +16 marks) Martin and Halverson (1981)‚ like Kohlberg‚ believed that gender development involves acquiring information about one’s own gender. However‚ Martin and Halverson argued that children start to learn about gender – appropriate behaviour before gender constancy is achieved. They claimed that basic gender identity (gender labelling) is sufficient for a child to identify him/herself as boy/girl and take an interest in what behaviours are
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A reflection on two approaches Both psychodynamic and Focusing-oriented therapies regard trauma as a painful and challenging experience. They understand trauma as something that can alter a person’s sense of self. They both acknowledge the survivor’s attempts to avoid the pain. Also‚ both approaches note that there is an adaptive aspect to the survivor’s responses (as they attempt to avoid the pain) (see Mackay‚ 2002; Vantarakis‚ 2014). These approaches aim to help the clients to integrate their
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Describe and evaluate social explanations of aggression. Aggression can be defined in many different ways. Bandura suggests that it is the intent to cause harm to another human being who is motivated to avoid such treatment. One of the main social psychological explanations of aggression comes from Bandura and Walters in 1963. He suggests that aggression is learned either indirectly; through observational learning and only replicated if vicarious reinforcement occurs‚ or directly- where aggressive
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Strengths and Weaknesses of the Psychodynamic approach to understanding personality The psychodynamic approach was proposed by Freud. This approach towards personality is based on the notion of underlying forces such as the id‚ ego and superego which are either present from birth or develop during childhood shape our behaviour and personality as such. Experiences in childhood are proposed to be the basis of human personality‚ according to Freud and as such Psychodynamic theory proposes that some undesirable
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Describe and evaluate biological explanations of OCD (10 marks) The biological approach as an explanation of OCD believes that the disorder is caused by a fault in our body‚ either through genes‚ hormones‚ the brain‚ or neurotransmitters‚ therefore suggesting that OCD is caused by our nature‚ rather than our upbringing. This means that since we are born with the body we have‚ if we have OCD‚ it is innate within us. One biological explanation for OCD is the genetic explanation. The genetic
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Psychodynamic Approaches-Psychoanalytic Therapy Theorist Alfred Adler Marshira Holmes-Neal Soc 307 “Theory Applied to Pratice” Mid-Term October 11‚ 2012 Biography Alfred Adler was born in the suburbs of Vienna on February 7‚ 1870‚ the third child‚ second son‚ of a Jewish grain merchant and his wife. As a child‚ Alfred developed rickets‚ which kept him from walking until he was four years old. At five‚ he nearly died of pneumonia
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Outline and evaluate the biological approach to psychopathology The biological approach to psychopathology suggests that abnormal behaviour is caused or related to physical changes in the body. The biological approach suggest that the four following things cause physical disorders (abnormality) ; genes‚ biochemistry‚ neuroanatomy and viral infection. Psychologists have investigated the role in which gene’s play in abnormal behaviour. To do this the majority of psychologists use twins. It has been
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Outline and evaluate the biological approach to abnormality? The biological or medical approach regards abnormality as illness or disease. Mental illness is thought to be related to the physical structure and functioning of the brain. There are four possible causal factors of abnormality: brain damage‚ infection‚ biochemistry and genes. The first factor is brain damage. Abnormal behaviour may occur if the structure of the brain is damaged in some way. Once disease or brain damage has caused mental
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Describe and evaluate social influences on gender roles (25 marks) Bandura and Walters (1963) proposed the social learning theory initially to explain aggression in children‚ yet they argued it can be readily applied to any behaviour. SLT suggests we acquire new behaviours via observing others‚ then modelling the observed behaviour. We are more likely to model behaviours if the behaviour is rewarded‚ via indirect‚ vicarious reinforcement. We can also learn new behaviours via being reinforced
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Outline and Evaluate the biological approach to abnormality The biological approach sees abnormality as a physical illness and removes psychological blame and responsibility for the behaviour form the patients. Biochemistry; which is where abnormal functioning in the brain can be caused by abnormal levels of neurotransmitters and hormones. Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers that allow neurones to communicate with one another at synapses. Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted
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