1. The subject of theoretical grammar and its difference from practical grammar. The following course of theoretical grammar serves to describe the grammatical structure of the English language as a system where all parts are interconnected. The difference between theoretical and practical grammar lies in the fact that practical grammar prescribes certain rules of usage and teaches to speak (or write) correctly whereas theoretical grammar presents facts of language‚ while analyzing them‚ and gives
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I. CATEGORIAL STRUCTURE OF THE WORD 1. Notion of Opposition. Oppositions in Morphology The most general meanings rendered by language and expressed by systemic correlations of word-forms are interpreted in linguistics as categorial grammatical meanings. The forms rendering these meanings are identified within definite paradigmatic series. The grammatical category is a system of expressing a generalized grammatical meaning by means of paradigmatic correlation of grammatical forms
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The woman stares across the table anxiously‚ her son quietly staring at his hands beside her‚ the look on her husband’s face anything but pleased. The sun hangs midway over the house in the sky‚ and though it is just about time for dinner‚ no one seems to really want to eat any of the dishes she has prepared. A meat pudding sits untouched in the center of the table as if mocking her growling stomach. The silence is nearly unbearable‚ her feet tingling‚ her son obviously restless as well‚ and she
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While I was strolling on the beachfront‚ I happened upon a bottle under the slowly rolling waves. I picked it up‚ unscrewed the cork cap‚ took out the parchment coiled inside‚ and rolled it out on the fine sand to read the message. It was written in Spanish‚ but my years of education in the Spanish language had allowed me to effectively decipher it. To whomever finds this letter‚ I was one of the sailors aboard the Sanlúcar‚ the Spanish cargo ship that crashed near the shore of this accursed island:
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I awoke on a beach‚ completely soaked‚ with salt water up my nose‚ and sand in every uncomfortable place imaginable. Drenched black hair obscured my sight. Cold sea air chilled my bare back. If I didn’t move soon I would die of hypothermia. I stood on my trembling legs. The cold wind bit at my chest. The sky was dark and it was clear that it would rain soon. Broken boards and scattered crates littered the shore. Clearly I was on some kind of ship‚ but where I was or where I came from was lost to
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The Fallen It is a beautiful day in New York City. You can hear a symphony of sirens and songbirds as the sun’s radiant beams dance among the clouds. There are people everywhere laughing and enjoying the day. Suddenly everything changes. Then the sound of a deafening explosion echoes through the air. A plane has just struck one of the infamous Twin Towers. Fire is blazing above as thick clouds of smoke roll out of the top of the North Tower. Another thunderous blow shatters the atmosphere. Then
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The campsite that I visit yearly always seems to surprise me. Last year‚ I visited Bear Creek Camp for the fourth time. When one goes to a camp‚ they can expect to get soaked in mud from head to toe‚ leaving them to scratch off the crusty residue until they are graced with a shower. They can definitely count on the infinite drone of insects‚ keeping them up until the crack of dawn. Above all‚ they can count on something to go wrong. Last year‚ I was greeted at camp with a torrent of rain that
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LECTURE 1 GRAMMAR IN THE SYSTEMIC CONCEPTION OF LANGUAGE 1. The definition of language. The distinction between language and speech. Language as a semiotic system: its functions‚ elements and structure. Lingual elements (units) as signs. Segmental and supra-segmental lingual units. 2. The levels оf lingual units‚ their structural and functional features. Hierarchical relations between units of different levels. Language and speech levels. Primary and secondary levels. 3. General principles
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If you study the form of traditional grammar‚ the rules of classical languages were followed considering that English did not have grammar of its own. English followed Latin grammar. Let’s start off with: Mechanics: Proper Punctuation Traditional grammar is characterized by proper punctuation. The basic rule of punctuation requires that each sentence conclude with a punctuation mark‚ whether a period‚ a question mark or an exclamation point. Beyond ending punctuation marks‚ sentences should use
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generative grammar refers to a particular approach to the study of syntax. A generative grammar of a language attempts to give a set of rules that will correctly predict which combinations of words will form grammatical sentences. In most approaches to generative grammar‚ the rules will also predict the morphology of a sentence.[citation needed] Generative grammar arguably originates in the work of Noam Chomsky‚ beginning in the late 1950s. However‚ Chomsky has said that the first generative grammar in the
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