most extensively used instructional design model in use today. Instructional Design (also called Instructional Systems Design (ISD)) is the practice of maximizing the effectiveness‚ efficiency and appeal of instruction and other learning experiences. The process consists broadly of determining the current state and needs of the learner‚ defining the end goal of instruction‚ and creating some "intervention" to assist in the transition. Instructional design is the systematic specification of instruction
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age three should include drawing a circle and beginning to use safety scissors. Around age four‚ children may be able to draw a square and begin cutting straight lines with scissors. Many preschool programs emphasize the use of scissors because it develops the dexterity children will need for writing. For very young children‚ making art—or just talking about it—provides opportunities to learn words for colors‚ shapes and actions. When toddlers are as young as a year old‚ parents can do simple activities
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THE CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS Curriculum development has no beginning nor end‚ and there is no perfect product for the final curriculum document. Scales (1985) wrote that “in actual practice‚ development and implementation of the curriculum is an integral phenomenon developed in a very integrated and interrelating manner; one component‚ not necessarily springing full grown and naturally from another‚ nor will any single component usually stand without some revision after subsequent parts are
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A curriculum is a “plan or program of all experiences which the learner encounters under the direction of a school” (Tanner and Tanner‚ 1995: 158). According to Gatawa (1990: 8)‚ it is “the totality of the experiences of children for which schools are responsible”. All this is in agreement with Sergiovanni and Starrat (1983)‚ who argue that curriculum is “that which a student is supposed to encounter‚ study‚ practice and master what the student learns”. For others such as Beach and Reinhatz (1989:
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increasing number of adult students are on college campuses seeking undergraduate degrees‚ filling some of the seats formerly occupied by the traditional‚ 18-22-year-old students (Apps‚ 1981; Cross‚ 1981; Leckie‚ 1988). Cross (1981) notes that part-time students make up the greater part of this increase. Indeed the number of full-time adult students is still quite small‚ particularly at four-year colleges and universities. While universities are noticing the presence of mature adults in their full-time
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reason that the teachers should use developmentally appropriate practice in the classroom is to create an appropriate curriculum. The content of the curriculum should take in consideration in order to teach effectively the young mind. So the teachers should know about the age and the experience of the learners prior to introduce materials and activities to them. An appropriate curriculum should include all areas of a child’s development: physical‚ emotional‚ social‚ linguistic‚ aesthetic‚ and cognitive
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and social transformations and institutions‚ religious development‚ social reform movements‚ slavery and its consequences‚ environmental and global considerations‚ and war and diplomacy. The course provides extensive instruction in historical content encompassing all National Council for Social Studies America History Standards. It also focuses on providing students with the analytic skills necessary to deal critically with a wide variety of primary source material including‚ documents‚ statistics
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Understanding By Design (1998) INTRODUCTION The Understanding by Design framework was designed by Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe. It offers a planning process and structure to guide curriculum‚ assessment‚ and instruction towards interfering students’ understanding. This approach had been used in many countries as a guideline in designing curriculum. It has two key ideas which are‚ focus on teaching and assessing for Understanding and learning transfer‚ and also design curriculum “backward” from
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Advertising‚ Marketing and Media The Industry from a digital perspective [pic] Does Advertising shape society‚ or merely mirror societal trends? Advertising is the process of communication whereby a person or group of people are persuaded to take some form of action‚ usually to make a purchase or participate in a particular behaviour. Studies undertaken by the Media Awareness Network estimate that on average‚ the typical North American will see 3000 ads per day (2010). With such a high level
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Assignment 2 Understanding Learners: Me as a Learner Being a father of four gorgeous children I have always felt that I was an educator‚ a teacher‚ a leader‚ a mentor‚ as well as a learner long before I entered the teacher preparation course. I never realised how much children could teach me‚ especially about myself. When I would see the reflections of myself in my children I would‚ at the time‚ just consider them to be cute imitations. I would love it when my four year old would run his fingers
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