EXPERIMENT 2: BATCH DISTILLATION AT CONSTANT REFLUX OBJECTIVE: To operate a batch distillation unit at constant reflux. To examine the change in top and bottom composition over time in a batch distillation. PROCEDURES: 1. Perform the general start-up procedures (Section 4). Refer appendix 1. 2. Record initial volume and refractive index of the liquid mixture in the reboiler. 3. Set the heater power to 1.5kW. 4. Set reflux timer to 10 second for set 1 and 30 second for set 2. ( Note: Set 1:
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GRAVIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF SULFATE Purpose You will be given a solid powder‚ which has been dried to constant mass. The sample is water soluble. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the concentration of sulfate in your solid sample using gravimetric analysis. Background Gravimetric Analysis The goal of most quantitative chemical analysis measurements is to estimate the relative abundance of an analyte in a chemical sample. For solid and liquid samples‚ a very common expression
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purpose of this was to determine the concentration of sodium carbonate in an unknown sample by titration. The solution of hydrochloric acid was prepared and standardized using Na2CO3. Observations: Week 1: Standardizing hydrochloric acid using sodium carbonate with bromocresol green indicator Table 1: Titration of sodium carbonate using hydrochloric acid Trial | Mass of Na2CO3 (g) | Burette Reading (mL) | Final Volume of HCl (mL) | | | Initial | Final | | 1 | 0.2123 | 0.00
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Practical 4 Determination Of Fruit Firmness Introduction The development of sensors to measure fruit internal quality variable is one of the challenges of post – harvest technology. Several variables can currently be measured‚ including sugar content‚ firmness and internal disorders. Fruit quality is related to both internal variables (firmness‚ sugar content‚ acid content and internal effect) and external variables (shape‚ size‚ external defects and damage). Increasing consumer demand for high
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Why are African States weak? There are many causes for state weakness‚ there are many causes for state strength. State legitimacy‚ corruption‚ homogeneous/heterogeneous societies‚ unstable governments‚ uneducated workforce have all been named as the reason why an economy of the country is not working‚ but there is never one single reason why something does not work There is not also always a continual growth‚ and some countries can grow much bigger and stronger in some years‚ only to be hit
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of the feed acidifiers market are continuously adopting new technologies and are using feed acidifiers for supplementing the diets of animals. The market value of propionic acid as a feed acidifier was the highest in 2012‚ and is projected to grow with the increasing demand for feed acidifiers in the livestock industry. The benefits of feed acidifiers are leading the market demand in the feed industry. The fumaric acid market is comparatively small and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 5.8% from 2013
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soil property. These two tests are the falling head permeability test and the constant head permeability test. Which test is used depends upon the type of soil to be tested. For soils of high permeability (sands and gravels) a constant head test is used. For soils of intermediate to low permeability‚ a falling head test is used. As we were testing sand we used a constant head permeability test. By carrying out the constant head permeability test we can determine the coefficients of permeability of
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Abstract Water “hardness” was analyzed in this experiment‚ through the determination of CaCO3 concentration. This was achieved by the titration of an unknown solution using a standardized 0.1M EDTA‚ and addition of Eriochrome Black T to the unknown‚ to indicate the endpoint of the titration. The average concentration of CaCO3 obtained was 1034 ppm‚ with a standard deviation of 2.4495. The results indicate that the unknown solution can be considered as hard water. Introduction The
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analyze data and draw a conclusion. In this experiment I will find out that in a type of water the Alka-Seltzer will dissolve faster and slower. Alka-Seltzer is one of the world’s best known antacids. Its main function is to absorb excess stomach acid. II. MATERIALS: * Tap Water - Warm Water * Cold Water - Salt Water * Acidic Water -5 cups (250 mL of water in each cup) * A whole Alka-Seltzer tablet III. HYPOTHESIS: My hypothesis is that the Alka-Seltzer tablet
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out the value of the formation constant of tetraamminecopper(II)‚ Kf‚ with different methods and which experimental method produces more accurate result. One was electrochemistry using a Daniel cell and the other one was spectrometry by estimating concentration of complex solution using a calibration curve. The formation constant of cupric ammine complex Cu(NH3)42+‚ Kf‚ came out with 1.93x10^15 using electrochemical cell method and 9.79x10^12 using spectrophotometer method. Considering the literature
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