Crystallization of Benzoic Acid Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to purify benzoic acid by crystallization. Procedure: 1. 0.5g impure benzoic acid was placed in a 50mL Erlenmeyer flask. 15mL of water was added and the mixture was heated to a boil on a hot plate. 0.5mL of water was added to the flask‚ while swirling the flask. The mixture was boiled until the benzoic acid completely dissolved. The total volume of water used was recorded. The black solid that remain in the dissolved
Premium Filter paper Laboratory glassware Temperature
Title:Extraction:Extraction with acid and alkaline Objective: 1. To recover benzoic acid and p-dichlorobenzene from its mixture using acid-alkaline extraction. 2. To determine the percentage recovery and melting point of benzoic acid and p-diclorobenzene. Apparatus:Separatory funnel(250mL)‚Buchner funnel‚beaker. Materials:Benzoic acid‚p-dichlorobenzene‚ether‚10% NaOH‚conc.HCl‚distilled water‚ anhydrous CaCl2. Introduction: Organic compounds in an aqueous mixture can be separated
Premium Sodium chloride Sodium hydroxide Hydrochloric acid
Aspirin analysis Introduction Aspirin‚ which is also known as acetylsalicylic acid. C9H8O4 is the chemical format for Asprin. The chemical structure of aspirin: Aspirin is anti-inflammatory. Aspirin is prepared by chemical synthesis from salicylic acid‚ by acetylation with acetic anhydride. The fact that it is an acid allows us to quantify the amount of aspirin in a solution. We would do this by by using an acid-base titration. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) will be used In this experiment as the
Premium Aspirin Salicylic acid Acetic acid
2.4.4. Direct determination of saliva proteins Protein contaminated with nucleic acids absorbed the light at wavelength 280 nm and it absorbs much strongly at wavelength 205 nm when it is free from nucleic acids. The UV-visible spectrophotometer was used in determination of saliva proteins (Figure 2.2). Cold trichloroacetic acid (10 % w/v ) was added to the sample‚ centrifuged for 10 minutes to precipitate protein. The absorbance of a known volume
Premium Protein Gel electrophoresis Enzyme
Sex determination in plants Summary- Evolutionary transitions happened gradually from hermaphroditism to monoec in which multiple sex determining genes are involved which include male-sterility and female-sterility factors. There should not be any recombination between different loci which is the pivotal reason for the genetic degeneration of Y chromosomes. There are several theories attached to Y chromosome degeneration that are reviewed recently . Introduction: why are plant sex chromosomes
Premium Sex Chromosome Male
lab‚ caproic acid was synthesized in a multi-step process that involved the synthesis of three intermediates – diethyl n-butylmalonate‚ potassium n-butylmalonate‚ and n-butyl malonic acid respectively. An IR was used to characterize the starting material‚ n-bromobutane‚ and the first intermediate‚ diethyl n-butylmalonate; while IR and NMR were used to characterize the final product‚ caproic acid. Reactions‚ Mechanism and Theory Caproic acid a.k.a n-hexanoic acid is a carboxylic acid derived from
Premium Distillation Carboxylic acid Alcohol
quantity of solid dissolved in solution. It may also be used to calculate the molar mass of an unknown acid or base. Purpose: I. Prepare a standard solution of sodium hydroxide II. Standardize a sodium hydroxide solution by using potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) III. When given whether the acid is monoprotic‚ diprotic‚ or triprotic ‚ determine the molar mass of the unknown organic acid. IV. Calculate the Molarity of the Soft drink. Materials: * 50 mL Buret * Beaker
Premium Chemistry Sodium hydroxide Base
According to the Oxford English Dictionary‚ self-determination is the right or ability of a country or a person to manage their own affairs. Even though there are more than 208 nation states‚ there are still a number of people struggling for their rights towards self-determination. The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights clearly states in Article 15 that everyone has the right to a nationality and no one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality or denied the right to change
Premium Human rights
Minerals-to-Metals Research Initiative‚ Department of Chemical Engineering‚ University of Cape Town‚ Private Bag‚ Rondebosch‚ 7701‚ South Africa a r t i c l e i n f o Available online 17 June 2010 Keywords: Acid mine drainage Prediction test Sulfide tailings a b s t r a c t Acid mine drainage (AMD) is formed by the microbially catalysed oxidation of sulfide minerals on exposure to moisture and air. It results in the ongoing contamination of water streams with acidity‚ sulfate and metal
Premium PH Iron
Acid rain is rain that has become acidic‚ because of air pollutants in the atmosphere. Rain has a normal pH level of around 5-5.5 which is only slightly acidic. 7 on the pH scale is the neutral and anything below that is considered acidic. Acid rain has a pH level around 4 which is 10 times more acidic. Acid rain can fall in many different ways and has many effects on the environment. Acid rain is caused by air pollutants in the atmosphere. These air pollutants are mainly from man made resources
Premium Fossil fuel Oxygen Water