dominant ideological opponent of classical liberalism was conservatism‚ but liberalism later survived major ideological challenges from new opponents‚ such as fascism and communism. During the 20th century‚ liberal ideas spread even further as liberal democracies found themselves on the winning side in both world wars. In Europe and North America‚ the establishment of social liberalism became a key component in the expansion of the welfare state.Today‚ liberal parties continue to wield power and influence
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The end of the Cold War and the demise of the Soviet communist empire have shown the dominance of liberal democracy and capitalism over all other possible alternatives. The emerging ``New World Order`` has been characterized by the collapse of communism and the global demand for democracy. Fukuyama even went as far as declaring the ``end of history``: `what we may be witnessing is not the end of the Cold War‚ or the passing of a particular period of postwar history‚ but the end of history as such:
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WHAT IS THE LINK BETWEEN UTILITARIANISM AND DEMOCRACY? Utilitarianism (from the Latin utilis‚ useful) is a theory of ethics based on quantitative maximization of some good for society or humanity. It is a form of consequentialism. This good is often happiness or pleasure‚ though some utilitarian theories might seek to maximize other consequences. Utilitarianism is sometimes summarized as "The greatest happiness for the greatest number." Although it is a standalone theory of ethics‚ it bares a many
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Russian Absolutism From the middle of the sixteenth century to the end of the eighteenth century three rulers stand out‚ remaining significantly more influential than other rulers of the period of Russian history. During the two hundred and fifty year period Russia witnessed three enlightened rulers‚ Ivan IV‚ Peter I‚ and Catherine II. Yet their enlightened dispositions were merely facades to hide ulterior motives of gaining more absolute power. They primarily sought to increase their power on
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The Justification of Absolutism Rationality does not necessarily justify the theories behind absolutism; it was more the results of absolutism that made it justifiable at all. In the time of Louis XIV absolutism was justified by divine right and that‚ especially in the very Catholic French empire‚ made it acceptable to most people. There were many positive outcomes for absolutist France‚ such as the creation of a strong standing army and the unity and stability provided by a strong monarch . The
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monarchs in the late 16th/early 17th centuries need new sources of income? Why did monarchs wish to get their income without the permission of the nobility? 2. Explain the role that each of the following played in the failure of England achieving absolutism‚ as well as the success of the French: England France · Religion - Religion · Parliament/Tradition - Estates
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Absolutism In the course of the 17th century‚ absolutistic regime spread‚ with varied degrees of success‚ across much of Continental Europe. In most countries‚ absolute monarchy became the form of the government. In England‚ although the monarch had no absolute power‚ its parliament‚ a governing body mainly made up aristocrats‚ was placed supremacy over the king. Supreme authority over secular matters of a country was developed for the first time in Europe. Because of a number of conditions and
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firmly tied the monarch to the army and reasserted “the principles of absolutism” (Pelling 61). By doing so‚ he “lost the goodwill of many of [his] subjects” (Pelling 61). Due to the rise of nationalistic views and the resulting revolutions‚ the Habsburg Empire began to face an identity crisis. In order to resolve this crisis‚ the Austro-Hungarian Empire or Dual Monarchy was created in 1867 resulting from the Compromise between the Emperor and the Hungarians – initiated by Count Andrassy. The Compromise
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17th Century Absolutism in France Throughout the reign of the Bourbon dynasty of France‚ a distinct form of government known as absolutism developed‚ hoping to counteract the intensifying religious conflicts and the social fragmentation in Europe. Within the rule of the great Henry IV of Navarre‚ his son Louis XIII‚ and the prominent Louis XIV‚ the supreme authority of the monarch of France expanded exponentially‚ bringing about stability‚ prosperity‚ and public order. And through an unsettled
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viewed themselves as absolute rulers‚ or kings and queens that believed that they controlled everything within their state’s borders. The people that were ruled by the absolute rulers believed absolutism had a different aspect than was being used by the kings and queens. This practice is known as absolutism. The people that were being ruled and the ruler or absolute monarch viewed the role of the absolute ruler differently. As document number one states‚ Frederick II of Prussia said‚ "The sovereign
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