low-income families have poorer performance in school has been known for a while‚ but recent research shows that poverty can be linked to a smaller surface area of the brain. Twenty percent of the achievement gap between affluent and poor children can be explained by their differences in brain development. A psychologist‚ Seth Pollak‚ and others at the University of Wisconsin-Madison used the results of 389 healthy children‚ ages 4 to 22‚ on academic achievement tests and compared them with tissue volume of
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Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory essentially looks at and views children’s behaviour to come to be as such through witnessing interactions between other individuals as well as through various forms of media (Rathus & Longmuir‚ 2015). How the above can be used to analyze/view John’s situation in terms of the challenges of the new-found academic and social demands from prior can be the following. In looking at how social cognitive theory may perceive the discussed client’s academic demands
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Critically analyze the development issues in your state using development theories? Development can be defined as a transformation or progression from one state to another state‚ with the latter state being better than the first one when compared on various grounds and measures. Development of any country‚ state or city depends on the effectiveness‚ management and utilization of the resources using advanced technologies and Human resource management to achieve the targeted values for the different
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Jean Piaget The history of psychology dates back to the ancient Greeks‚ Chinda and India. There are even some records of psychology dating back to ancient Egypt. Psychology is the study of the human mind and it’s functions. It used to be a branch of phylosophy‚ but in the 1870s it developed into an indipendant science‚ when Wilhem Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated to psychology. In the anciet times‚ psychology had to do with evil spirits and souls‚ which remedies were encantiations
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According to Slavin‚ “…cognitive development proposes that a child’s intellect‚ or cognitive ability‚ progresses through four distinct stages.” These stages are Piaget’s milestones for progressive cognitive growth: sensorimotor‚ pre-operational‚ concrete operational and formal operational. The brain typically reaches milestones in the cognitive developmental process‚ during which common objectives are reached according to one’s age. It is very
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Leon Ferstinger in 1957 developed a theory of cognitive dissonance. His theory sugguest that we all have an inner drive to stay true to our attitudes and beliefs to keep a balanced life. When Ferstinger first introduced the term cognitive dissonance to indicate the discomfort we feel whenever we inconsistent notions at the same time. This discomfort or dissonance motivates us to expend behavioral effort to reduce it and restore cognitive consistency Cognitive dissonance is a situation that involes
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According to Piaget‚ children’s cognitive development can be viewed as occurring in a pattern of four stages known as the sensorimotor stage‚ the preoperational stage‚ the concrete stage and the formal operational stage (Kaplan‚ 2000).Before going into further detail about Piaget’s stages of cognitive development‚ it is important to explain what atypical development is‚ in order to link it to Piaget’s theory of development. Atypical development happens when development in children‚ does not occur
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(a) Stages of Group Development. (Tuckman‚ 1965) The number of stages a group has to run through may vary from different groups but according to Tuckman (1965)‚ there are 4 stages in group development. In stage one‚ which is forming‚ each and every group members are curious about each and every of them. Group members will attempt to determine roles such as leadership among them and are not likely to illustrate strong personal opinions and views to avoid being rejected. At this stage‚ politeness
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2.3 The Theories of development There are many theories of child development and each one has influenced practice in schools. Skinner’s theory of ‘Operant Conditioning’ suggests that behaviour which is reinforced tends to be repeated. In schools we reinforce good behaviour by rewarding it (house points‚ merits‚ Headteacher awards etc) and we “punish” poor behaviour to discourage it (warnings‚ sitting out‚ missing Golden Time etc). Piaget’s theory of ‘Cognitive Development’ has helped shape the
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In 1941 Miller and Dollard proposed the theory of social learning. In 1963 Bandura and Walters broadened the social learning theory with the principles of observational learning and vicarious reinforcement. Bandura provided his concept of self-efficacy in 1977‚ while he refuted the traditional learning theory for understanding learning. The Social Cognitive Theory is a theory that deals with cognitive‚ emotional aspects and aspects of behavior for understanding behavioral change. It is a belief
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