CHARACTERISATION OF THIN FILM AND MULTILAYERS BY X-RAY REFLECTIVITY Submitted by Rajshekhar Bar Supervisor: Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava In partial fulfilment of the M.Sc.(2yr) degree in Physics Department of Physics and Meteorology Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur‚721302‚India May‚2012 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost‚ I thank my advisor Prof. Sanjeev kumar Srivastava for the many useful suggestions and pieces of advice that he has given me. I am also thankful to all faculties
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James Gregory was born in the Manse of Drumoak. This is a small parish on the river Dee‚ about fifteen kilometres west of Aberdeen. His father was John Gregory and his mother was Janet Anderson. John Gregory had studied at Marischal College in Aberdeen‚ then gone on to study theology at St Mary’s College in the University of St Andrews before spending his life in the parish of Drumoak. Turnbull writes [20]:- [John Gregory] was a man of courage and foresight but was not conspicuous for outstanding
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Journal of Nuclear Materials 366 (2007) 266–271 www.elsevier.com/locate/jnucmat Characterization of nanocrystalline (Th1ÀxCex)Oy powders synthesized by co-precipitation process q ¨ O. Yildiz Kocaeli University‚ Faculty of Engineering‚ Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering‚ Veziroglu Yerleskesi‚ 41040 Kocaeli‚ Turkey Received 21 July 2006; accepted 23 January 2007 Abstract Nanocrystalline thoria–ceria (Th1ÀxCex)Oy powders in a ratio of x = 0.05À0.5 mol% were prepared
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Washington State University | Rosalind Elsie Franklin | A story that needs to be told | | 2/3/2013 | Biology 499 * Introduction Have you ever asked yourself‚ exactly what is DNA and why is it so important? DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid and is found in every living thing. We inherit DNA from our parents‚ half from our mothers and half from our fathers. DNA is made up of sugars‚ bases‚ and phosphates and comes in the structure of a double helix which looks like a spiral
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TMJ‚ or Temporomandibular joint dysfunction‚ is a common and treatable disorder of the jaw muscles leading to discomfort in the area and other assorted effects. If you are experiencing pain in your jaw‚ you might have TMJ. Fortunately‚ the experienced dentists at Greenery Park Dentistry in Kalispell‚ MT‚ offer the necessary treatments you need to find relief. If untreated‚ symptoms of TMJ may worsen. Here are a few common signs of the condition: Pain & Aching: The jaw or temporomandibular joints
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Wireless Power Transmission for Solar Power Satellite (SPS) (Second Draft by N. Shinohara) 1. Theoretical Background It is known that electromagnetic energy also associated with the propagation of the electromagnetic waves. We can use theoretically all electromagnetic waves for a wireless power transmission (WPT). The difference between the WPT and communication systems is only efficiency. The Maxwell’s Equations indicate that the electromagnetic field and its power diffuse to all directions. Although
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galaxies‚ and evidence that most galaxies have black holes in their centre. The Hubble Telescope is in orbit about 380 miles above the Earth. It views the galaxy without having to look through the Earth’s atmosphere which bends light because of diffraction; also because the atmosphere is moving. This is why stars appear to twinkle and blurs the image seen from telescopes on Earth. Because the Hubble Telescope is above the Atmosphere‚ it produces much finer images. The Hubble Telescope can also observe
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Punk music has gone through an evolution ever since the punk explosion in the late seventies. Although today’s punk music retains most of the ideology and sound that defines the punk genre‚ there are some distinct differences between Nineties and Seventies punk. Most of the punk bands to emerge and gain popularity in the nineties mostly hailed from California (Green Day‚ the Offspring‚ etc.). Punk vanguards from the seventies hailed from the East Coast and from Great Britain (the Ramones‚ the Clash
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and observe the color of the flame. Record your observations in the data table. If using wood splints avoid catching them on fire. 4. Be sure the loop is clean for the next sample (no more flame color). 5. Option: Watch the flame through a diffraction grading slide to see the bright line emission spectrum. Conclusion: In conclusion‚ we discovered that every metal ion solution has a distinct emission spectrum. Low energy red was proven to be on the low energy side. While violet indicates
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Important Personalities in Police Photography *Joseph Nicephore Niepce - was able to obtain camera images on papers sensitized with silver chloride solution in 1816.He invented a photographic process which he called "heliography" meaning "writing of the sun" *Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre - invented "Daguerreotype"‚ an early photograph produced on a silver or silver-covered copper plate.It formed an image directly on the silver surface of a metal plate.It was a positive process‚thus‚it yielded
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