Diffraction refers to various phenomena which occur when a wave encounters an obstacle. In classical physics‚ the diffraction phenomenon is described as the apparent bending of waves around small obstacles and the spreading out of waves past small openings. Similar effects occur when a light wave travels through a medium with a varying refractive index‚ or a sound wave travels through one with varying acoustic impedance. Diffraction occurs with all waves‚ including sound waves‚ water waves‚ and electromagnetic
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Festa Buçinca 1647205 Phys 222 EXPERIMENT 4 diffraction and interference Purpose: The aim of doing this experiment was to examine diffraction and interference effects of light passing through various apertures‚ and use the diffraction patterns obtained by single and double slit apertures to find the wavelength of the light source used. Theory: We know that light can be described by two theories‚ namely the particle theory and the wave theory of light‚ each having its own experimental
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addition has amplitude at a particular point that is the algebraic sum of the amplitudes of its constituent waves.[3] This superposition of waves can be observed as interference and diffraction when light passes through apertures or obstacles. When light breaks up as it passes through an aperture or an obstacle‚ a diffraction pattern is observed. The regions in the pattern where light is visible are called the maxima. On the other hand‚ the regions where light is invisible are called the minima. In
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X-Ray Diffraction X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) is a rapid analytical technique primarily used for phase identification of a crystalline material and can provide information on unit cell dimensions. The analyzed material is finely ground‚ homogenized‚ and average bulk composition is determined. Fundamental Principles of X-ray Diffraction Max von Laue‚ in 1912‚ discovered that crystalline substances act as three-dimensional diffraction gratings for X-ray wavelengths similar to the spacing of
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Huygens’ Principle‚ Interference and Diffraction Huygens’ Principle In 1678‚ a Dutch physicist‚ Christian Huygens‚ studied wave behavior and proposed that the wavefronts of light waves spreading out from a point source can be regarded as the overlapped crests of tiny secondary waves – that wavefronts are made up of tinier wavefronts. Wavefronts are an array of identical waves that have the same source and travels through a homogeneous medium‚ thus their corresponding crests and troughs are in the
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Paper Electron diffraction through a graphite film. Mark Raskin Skidmore College (11/14/14) Abstract: In this paper‚ the wave-like properties of electrons are discussed. We are trying to measure the inter-atomic spacing (d) between the graphite atoms‚ which we are accelerating electrons through. As the electrons pass through the graphite‚ an interference pattern emerges on the screen in front of the gun. The interference pattern shows up as a circle within a circle‚ each of which represents
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Introduction: Purpose: The Purpose of this experiment is to find the width of a piece of hair using diffraction pattern created by a thin film. Hypothesis: If the hair is human it will have a width of 10-4m. Procedure: 1. Place two pieces of glass flat against each other. 2. Obtain a piece of long hair‚ most likely from one group member’s head. 3. Place the hair between the sheets of glass on one edge. 4. Place a rubber band around the pieces of glass on the side opposite
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Hair Strand using Single-Slit Diffraction Stephen Flores1‚ Ailene Gonzales2 Department of Physics‚ University of San Carlos‚ Nasipit‚ Talamban‚ Cebu City 6000 1step.upflores@yahoo.com 2avg08_1s2 @yahoo.com Abstract This paper presents the utilization of the single slit-diffraction phenomena in analyzing the physical characteristics of a hair strand. Hair samples with various macroscopic textures were used as barriers to produce a diffraction pattern where the distance between
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X-ray Powder Diffraction Analysis: Principles‚ Instrumentation and Applications M.S.Pandian Department of Earth Sciences‚ Pondicherry University‚ Puducherry-605014 Introduction X-ray powder diffraction analysis (XRD) is perhaps the most widely used X-ray based analytical techniques for characterizing materials. As the name suggests‚ the sample is usually in a powdery form‚ consisting of fine grains of crystalline material to be studied. The term ’powder’ really means that the crytalline domains
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dm24@cornell.edu Rm 274 Clark Hall‚ 255-4065 Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll built the first electron microscope in 1931 (Nobel Prize to Ruska in 1986) T4 Bacteriophage Electron Microscopy bridges the 1 nm – 1 μm gap David Muller 2008 between x-ray diffraction and optical microscopy Tools of the Trade AFM MFM Scanned Probe Microscope (includes Atomic Force Microscope) Transmission Electron Microscope Scanning Electron Microscope David Muller 2008 Biological and Electronic Component
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