Introduction To date‚ the bacterial resistance to antibiotics is one of the most important global health threat introduced by the World Health Organization (WHO) and most annual mortality due to hospital infections occurs because of this challenge (1). According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report‚ carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) are one of the three main antibiotic resistance threats. (2). Enterobacteriaceae are Gram-negative bacilli which cause a wide
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Penicillin Essay (25marks) Considered to be the first of the antibiotic medicines‚ and the first important commercial product to be produced by an aerobic‚ submerged fermentation‚ penicillin (as originally coined) strictly refers to the antimicrobial agent produced naturally by the microbe Penicilium notatum; a form of filamentous fungus. Originally discovered by Ernest Duschesne in 1896‚ it was later ‘rediscovered’ by Alexander Flemming in 1928‚ who was then credited for the discovery – though
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antimicrobial activity of extracts of Laptedenia pyrotechnica (Asclepiadaceae). Phytochemical study was done by GC-MS and antibacterial and antifungal activity was subjected against clinically four bacterial strains and two fungal strains using agar well diffusion method and test tube dilution method respectively. The GC-MS study revealed the presence of ten compounds in n-hexane extract namely Hexadecane(1)‚ 2-[4a‚ 8-Dimethyl-3‚4‚4a‚5‚6-hexahydro-napthalene-2-yl]-prop-2-en-1-ol(2)‚ Heptadecane(3)‚ Benzene
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conversion of the compounds is 54.36–88% at 1000°C. Their solubility in sodium hydroxide‚ mineral acids‚ organic solvents‚ distilled water and salts solution has been measured. Fungicidal activity of the dithiocarbamates has been tested by well or cup diffusion method using five fungi species. Their activity has also been tested by broth dilution method using six bacterial species. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (bactericidal) is 6.25–25.00 mg mL–1. Keywords: diethyldithiocarbamate‚ DTA‚ fungicide‚ IR
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spreader was applied with ethanol. 2. The glass spreader was flamed to sterilize it and remove any contaminating bacteria. 3. The pipette was used to place water on agar plate. 4. The glass spreader was used to spread the water sample over the agar plates. 5. The agar plates were closed and sealed with sticky tape. 6. The agar plates were placed in the incubator and left for 48 hours. 7. Once the plates had been incubated for 48 hours‚ they were observed and the FCU colony forming units were
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PATTERNS IN NATURE – Summary Notes 1. ORGANISMS ARE MADE OF CELLS THAT HAVE SIMILAR STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS 1.1 Outline the historical development of the cell theory‚ in particular‚ the contributions of Robert Hooke and Robert Brown The Cell Theory states that: All living things are made of cells (Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden) Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of organisms (Theodor Schwann) All cells come from pre-existing cells (Rudolf Virchow) The historical
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References: 2. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS)‚ Disk Diffusion Supplemental Tables. NCCLS Document M100-S13 (M2)‚ Wayne‚ PA‚ 2003. 3. Bangroo A.K.‚ Ramji K.‚ Smita C.: Honey dressing in paediatric burns. J. Indian Association Paediatric Surgeons‚ 10: 172-5‚ 2005. 4. Molan P.C.: Honey as a topical antibacterial
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occurs if damaged by alcohols‚ ammonium‚ and polymyxin antibiotics. Phospholipid bilayer‚ peripheral proteins‚ integral protein‚ transmembrane protein‚ sterols‚ glycocalyx Movement across Membranes Simple diffusion: Movement of solute from high concentration to low Facilitative diffusion: Solute combines with transporter protein in membrane Osmosis: water moves across permeable membrane from concentration of high water to low Osmotic pressure: Pressure needed to stop pure water from moving
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2. Experimental 2.1. Experimental procedure for the synthesis of bone-like CS-PEG-HA-ZrO2 nanocomposites (BNC I-III). At first‚ ZrO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by using the previously reported method [16]. Briefly‚ aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (purchased from HiMedia Private Ltd.) (40 ml 0.05M) was slowly added in zirconium oxychloride octahydrate (purchased from Merck India Ltd.) solution (100 ml 0.01M) prepared in methanol-water (1:1) at 5 oC temperature. The mixture was stirred
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JFS: Concise Reviews in Food Science Concise Reviews and Hypotheses in Food Science Active Packaging Technologies with an Emphasis on Antimicrobial Packaging and its Applications P. SUPPAKUL‚ J. MILTZ‚ K. SONNEVELD‚ AND S.W. BIGGER ABSTRACT: In response to the dynamic changes in current consumer demand and market trends‚ the area of Active Packaging (AP) is becoming increasingly significant. Principal AP systems include those that involve oxygen scavenging‚ moisture absorption and control
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