2.3. Membranes and modules for forward osmosis: 2.3.1. FO Membranes Generally‚ any dense‚ non-porous‚ selectively permeable material can be used as a membrane for FO. Such membranes have been tested (in flat sheet and capillary configurations) in the past for various applications of FO. In early studies‚ the researchers applied various FO membrane materials‚ including bladders of pigs‚ cattle‚ and fish; collodion (nitrocellulose); rubber; porcelain; and goldbeaters’ skin [36]. By 1960‚ Loeb and
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filled with distilled H2O until it is fully submerged. At 6:18 p.m. the height of the column of the fluid in the thistle funnel is measured. The process is repeated after intervals of five minutes. The time is recorded and the height. * Diffusion in solids -4 agar plates -KMnO4 crystals -methyl orange -refrigeration -ruler The experiment requires 4 plates of agar due to his transparency and the colloid that forms when mixed with water. One pair of plates is labeled 4^0 C and
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1. What is the relationship between rate of ion exchange and surface-to-volume ratio? - As the surface-to-volume (SA:V) decreases the rate of ion exchange will also decrease. 2. Why is it important for a cell to have a large surface-to-volume ratio? - If the SA:V is too small then then rate of ion exchange will decrease‚ if this rate of ion exchange is too low then the cell will no longer be viable. 3. Which is more efficient at exchanging materials‚ a small or a large cell? EXPLAIN
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Lecture: Plasma Membrane and Transport I. Structure of the Plasma Membrane A. plasma membrane - the surface encapsulating a cell B. Fluid Mosaic Model 1. bilayer of phospholipids a. hydrophilic heads - P04 end "water" "loving" attracted to water on inner/outer parts of cell b. hydrophobic tails - fatty acids "water" "fearing" attracted to each other on inside of bilayer c
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in size‚ its surface area to volume ratio will decrease. However‚ the smaller the organism is‚ the greater its surface area to volume ratio will be. A small uncellular organism would have a large surface area in which diffusion (the movement of molecules) can take place. Diffusion is essential in order to supply oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide across the outer cell surface membrane. However‚ as an organism gets bigger‚ its surface area to volume ratio gets larger therefore meaning that a specialised
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concentration gradient on the diffusion rate. It was hypothesized that the greater the stronger the concentration gradient‚ the faster the rate of diffusion would be. To test this‚ dialysis tubes were submerged in different concentration fructose solutions. We weighed the tubes at specific time intervals to measure the rate of diffusion of water in each different solution. The results illustrated that increased concentration gradient increases the rate of diffusion of water in the tubes. We concluded
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removed and final masses recorded‚ and the percent change was calculated. The conclusion developed from the data and knowledge was that the higher the temperature of the water‚ the more osmosis occurred. Introduction Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area which is more concentrated to less concentrated. The objective of this lab was to determine if certain factors affect the amount of osmosis through a cell membrane‚ which in other
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11/22/13 Title: The Effects of Surface Area to Volume ratio in Agar Introduction: What is an efficient way to maximize mass but minimize diffusion time in cell? Answer: An efficient way to maximize mass but minimize diffusion time in a cell is to increase its surface area. If you increase the surface area of a cell relatively to its volume‚ then the diffusion time will decrease. Materials: Agar cubes‚ bromothymol blue- pH indicator‚ vinegar‚ ruler‚ spatula‚ beaker. Methods: I used agar cubes
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membrane with the aid of specialized transport proteins a. diffusion b. facilitated diffusion c. osmosis d. active transport e. hypotonic f. isotonic g. hypertonic 2. What is the main difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion? Simple diffusion moves molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without an input of energy. Facilitated Diffusion follows the same rules as regular diffusion (higher to lower concentration and no energy input)‚ but
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required as a medium. A visking tubing is a semi-permeable membrane‚ therefore it will be used to act as the ‘cell’ for the experiment. This is because the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane of an actual cell is selectively permeable‚ allowing diffusion‚ osmosis and active transport to occur. The content of the visking tubing (the sucrose solution) will be acting as the cytoplasm of the cell which contains minerals‚ water‚ protein etc. If a visking tubing of sucrose is submerged in a hypotonic
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