phase-lock-loop (PLL) is commonly used in microprocessors to generate a clock at high frequency (Fout=2GHz for example) from an external clock at low frequency (Fref = 100MHz for example). The PLL is also used as a clock recovery circuit to generate a clock signal from a series of bits transmitted in serial without synchronization clock (Figure below). The PLL may also be found in frequency demodulation circuits‚ to transform a frequency varying waveform into a voltage. The PLL uses a high frequency
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normal retinal images the AVR ratio varies from 2/3 to 3/4.As diabetic retinopathy progresses‚ the vein becomes wider and the AVR ratio get decreased. Based on the AVR value disease detection is made and if it is found to be affected then further processing are required for the estimation of the stage of the disease. D. Extraction of Exudate region The bright intensity regions in the fundus images with distinct boundaries is considered as the hard exudate. K means clustering algorithm is applied
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Psychology Sensation and Perception As we began the experiment‚ there was a tranquil and quiet environment. But as time passed disturbances and laughs were affecting how well I was able to distinguish the food and even the smells. According to the signal detection theory‚ the environment‚ our moods and attitudes play a great role in determining what we can or cannot distinguish. Although I was not able to detect some of the food and smells‚ I was able to distinguish most of them. I believe that being
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Continuous-Phase Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Contents Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide Slide FSK-1 FSK-2 FSK-3 FSK-4 FSK-5 FSK-6 FSK-7 FSK-8 FSK-9 FSK-10 FSK-11 FSK-12 FSK-15 FSK-16 FSK-17 FSK-18 FSK-19 FSK-20 FSK-22 FSK-23 Introduction The FSK Transmitter The FSK Transmitter (cont. 1) The FSK Transmitter (cont. 2) The FSK Transmitter (cont. 3) The FSK Transmitter
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around Australia in 2006. The REV requires numerous amounts of measured physical quantities for both data logging and controlling the car’s systems. For each measured physical quantity‚ a sensor is required to convert this quantity into an electrical signal. Safety is always first priority‚ and for this reason hydrogen leak safety sensors were given the highest priority on the list of required sensors. 2 HYDROGEN CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENT Hydrogen gas is extremely flammable having an EL1 of 4
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Beginning Vibration Analysis with Basic Fundamentals By: Jack Peters Beginning Vibration Introduction Understanding the basics and fundamentals of vibration analysis are very important in forming a solid background to analyze problems on rotating machinery. Switching between time and frequency is a common tool used for analysis. Because the frequency spectrum is derived from the data in the time domain‚ the relationship between time and frequency is very important. Units of acceleration‚ velocity
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APCOMS | DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING | ASSIGMNENT | | SIR SHAHID ISMAIL | 29-May-13 | | GROUP MEMBERS: USAID SHUAIB F-3313 AHMED TAUQIR F-3324 HAMMAD SHEIKH F-3325 GROUP MEMBERS: USAID SHUAIB F-3313 AHMED TAUQIR F-3324 HAMMAD SHEIKH F-3325 Representation Segmentation techniques yield raw data in the form of pixels along a boundary or pixels contained in a region. These data sometimes are used directly to obtain descriptors. Standard uses techniques to compute
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presentation off of signal function‚ reliability‚ and the evolution of animal communication systems. Her research also focuses on whether a behavior is adaptable by determining if it contributes to an animal’s reproductive success. Dr. Anderson began with a brief introduction by defining a signal as any behavioral‚ physiological‚ or morphological trait that was fashioned or maintained by natural selection in communicating with others. There is a problem‚ however‚ with the ability to signal because one
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encoded with an 8-bit PCM code. UPNRZ encoding is used. Determine: The line data rate (32)(8000)(8)=2.04mbps Minimum sampling rate =2(4khz)=8khz Minimum Nyquist bandwidth UPnRZ= Fb= 2.04mbps Consider a PCM-TDM system in which 24 signals are to be processed. Each signal has a baseband bandwidth of 3 KHz. The sampling rate has to be 33.3% higher than the theoretical minimum‚ and 8 bits are to be used. Conventional NRZ-L encoding format is used. An extra bit is added to each frame for sync. Determine:
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4.4 Alteration The second main rubette‚ the Alteration rubette‚ provides the functional¬ity for altering one composition to another. In this section‚ we generalize presto Hindustani Music’s alteration concepts (see Chapter 3‚ Section 3.2.1) for Power denotators. After the definition of alteration‚ we reconstruct some of the presto examples for better comprehension. 4.4.1 Definition of Alteration For alteration we need: • two compositions d1 : A@P(c11‚. . . c1m) and d2 : A@P(c21‚. . . c2n)‚ cij being
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