CHAPTER 2 RECOVERY EFFICIENCY OF AN EOR METHOD 2.1 SWEEP EFFICIENCY The overall recovery factor (efficiency) RF of any secondary or tertiary oil recovery method is the product of a combination of three individual efficiency factors as given by the following generalized expression: Fluid properties influence all three components of recovery efficiency. 1. Viscosities are found in the definition of mobility ratio‚ which affects areal and vertical sweep efficiency‚ including viscous fingering. 2
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15C-1 The Lease Pumper’s Handbook Chapter 15 Enhancing Oil Recovery Section C SECONDARY RECOVERY C-1. Secondary Recovery. In simple terms‚ secondary recovery is the addition of basic water flood or gas flood (i.e.‚ pressure maintenance) as a continuous force. Secondary recovery methods should be introduced very early in the life of a field while the income and profits from the wells are high enough to pay for the additional equipment and installation costs. As noted in the following sections‚ there
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ECF 1. Prevalent cation is Na+ 2. Prevalent anion is Cl- E. Mechanisms controlling fluid and electrolyte movement a. Diffusion i. Movement of molecules from high to low concentration 1. Occurs in liquids‚ solids‚ gases 2. Membrane separating two areas must be permeable to diffusing substance 3. Requires no energy b. Facilitated diffusion i. Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy 1. Uses specific carrier molecules
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“water stream” breaks. The motivation for choosing this topic was the first demonstration of total internal reflection carried out by Colladon and Babinet in Paris in 1840s1. Titled as “On the reflections of a ray of light inside a parabolic liquid stream ”‚ it was published in 1842. The paper was based on the description of a “light fountain”. Using the optical characteristic of water‚ they observed the behaviour of the light when it propagates inside the water stream
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Hydraulic fracturing is when a hole or "well" is drilled deep into the ground‚ in an effort to extract valuable natural gas reserves which exist beneath the surface. The process of constructing a hydraulic fracturing well includes drilling into the Earth--first vertically and then horizontally‚ then lining the well with a two-terminal tube with one terminal that is filled with water while the other pipes the recovered natural gases up above ground (Withgott & Laposata‚ 2014). In order to exhume the
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Discussion on the Ethical Implications of Hydraulic Fracturing by: Sebastian Potes 7/16/13 ! Abstract As concern grows over the environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing‚ implementing policy that protects people and their environment from these potential dangers becomes an essential piece of the renewable energy picture. Hydraulic fracturing‚ or fracking‚ is the technique of extracting oil and natural gas trapped under ground by injecting a mixture of water‚ sand‚ and chemicals into the
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ends. Examples in practice in which flowing fluids exchange heat are air intercoolers and preheaters‚ condensers and boilers in steam plant‚ condensers‚ condensers and evaporators in refrigeration units‚ and many other industrial process in which a liquid or gas is required to be either cooled or heated. Heat exchanger works as hot water and cold water enters the exchanger‚ where the process of cold water gaining some heat and the hot water losing some takes place‚ before they both exit the exchanger
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Diffusion is the movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. With diffusion no energy is required and it is caused by kinetic energy. The rate of diffusion can be affected by many things including temperature‚ molecular weight‚ and movement. To test the rate of diffusion a drop of dark food coloring was added to a glass of tap water and it was timed to see how long it took for the drop to reach the bottom of the glass. This procedure was repeated three
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Analysis of a Volatile Liquid Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to use various methods of analysis to determine the identity of an unknown volatile liquid. In the first part of the experiment‚ the molecular mass was found by using water to find the volume of a flask through calculations and this as well as the mass of the gas of the unknown liquid were put into the a manipulated version of the ideal gas equation to determine the molar mass of the liquid‚ which was 14.21g per
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Analysis of the Economic & Environmental Effects of Fracking Introduction Fracking‚ or hydraulic fracturing‚ is the process of extracting natural gas from shale rock. Fracking allows the world to retain natural gas from depths that were deemed unreachable by conventional technology. Recent advancements in Fracking technology have propelled America to the forefront of natural gas extraction. By this method‚ the shale rock is punctured with a high pressure fluid‚ causing it to rupture and
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