EFFECTS OF ATTACHMENT ON EARLY AND LATER DEVELOPMENT There is no doubt that early experience influences later development. This influence could account for individual differences in many aspects such as cognition‚ behaviour‚ social skills‚ emotional responses and personality. Some developmentalists assert that early experience guarantees long-term developmental outcomes or protects against subsequent trauma (Sroufe and Jacobvitz‚ 1989). Early experiences‚ especially emotionally or affectively charged
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Categories of Attachment discovered by Ainsworth. Secure Attachment (type B): infant is distressed when mother leaves‚ seeks contact upon her return. Ambivalent Attachment (type C): infant is distress when mother leaves‚ quickly seeks contact upon return‚ but then rejects mother Avoidant Attachment (type A): infant show no distress when mother leaves‚ avoids contact upon return‚ and is not afraid of the stranger. Typical of babies of unresponsive mothers. Describe the 4th Attachment Category added
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YOUTUBE Attachment Secure attachment – 65% Resistant – 10-15% Avoidant – 15-20% Disorganized/Disoriented – 5-10% Opportunity for attachment? Spitz (1946): 3-12 month infants in orphanage After placement: ^ crying‚ withdrawal‚ sleep irregularities‚ weight loss Sensitive period? Can you re-attach? Yes‚ but… interacts with age‚ environment and ? It all comes back to the parents Ainsworth (1979) “Caregiving hypothesis” Meta-analysis: 6 mother attributes related to secure attachment 1. Sensitivity
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child learns to do activities independently but can also lead to shame if they lose approval. 2. Explain Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation experiment‚ and its significance in the development of attachment. Mary Ainsworth’s strange situation experiment is to assess the quality of the infant attachment with the caregiver. The experiment was having a mother leaving the 12-18
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Prenatal Alcohol Exposure A healthy prenatal environment is a key factor for a fetus in the womb. Alcohol‚ caffeine‚ tobacco‚ and drugs are just some of the dangerous teratogens that can affect the soon to be born baby. However‚ alcohol can be one of the most hazardous teratogens to a fetus. Prenatal alcohol exposure may cause Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)‚ childhood depressive symptoms‚ lowered IQ and much more. Prenatal alcohol exposure may cause irreversible damages to a child. Major depressive
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Slow-to-warm-up--15% Difficult--10% Mixed--35% Early emotional development: Attachment Attachment: Close‚ emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers. Behaviorist perspective Harlow’s mnkey’s Substitute mothers Ainsworth(1979) Separation anxiety The strange situation and patterns of attachment Secure Anxious-ambivalent Avoidant Disorganized/disoriented Developing secure attachment Bonding at birth‚ daycare‚ cultural factors Stage theories: cognitive development（认知发展）
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UNRESOLVED GRIEF AND CONTINUING BONDS: AN ATTACHMENT PERSPECTIVE Much of the contemporary bereavement literature on the continuing bond to the deceased (CB) has emphasized its adaptiveness and given limited attention to when it may be maladaptive. The attachment literature on disorganized– unresolved attachment classification in relation to loss‚ or ‘‘unresolved loss‚’’ is informative in identifying CB expressions that are indicative of failure to integrate the death of a loved one. In this
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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Infant Attachment: What We Know Now Virginia L. Colin Nancy Low & Associates‚ Inc. June 28‚ 1991 PDF Version ________________________________________ This report was prepared under contract #HHS-100-90-0035 between U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)‚ Office of Family‚ Community and Long-Term Care Policy (now the Office of Disability‚ Aging and Long-Term Care Policy) and Nancy Low & Associates‚ Inc. For additional information about
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Social Attitudes Attitudes‚ or a person’s internal/mental beliefs about a specific situation‚ object or concept can greatly influence behaviours. From simple‚ nonharmful situations such as the choice to not wear orange because you do not like the colour to much more destructive attitudes such as racial prejudice‚ attitudes can lead our thoughts and actions. Social influences can affect human behaviour by changing our attitudes. This can be a positive change‚ such as opening up a closed-minded
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http://blog.focus-mediation.co.uk/2013/12/10/the_grieving_cycle_and_relationship_break_down/ [Accessed 13th February 2015] Main‚ M.‚ & Solomon‚ J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation. In M.T. Greenberg‚ D. Cicchetti & E.M. Cummings (Eds.)‚ Attachment in the Preschool Years. Chicago‚ University of Chicago Press. Maslow‚ A.H . (1943) Hierarchy of Needs [Online] Available from: http://figur8.net/baby/2014/11/06/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-and-how-it-relates-to-your-childs-education/
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