Substitution: The Nitration of Toluene Abstract This industrially important reaction of EAS: The Nitration of Toluene exhibits how the attack of a nitronium ion would give out major and minor products at different positions of toluene. This is an electrophilic substitution mechanism. Mixture of concentrated sulphuric and nitric acid will produce a nitronium ion‚ which will attack ortho-‚ meta- and para- positions at Toluene. (Mechanism at appendix). Introduction/Procedure Toluene is cooled down to almost
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EXPERIMENT 7 - Distillation – Separation of a Mixture Purpose: a) To purify a compound by separating it from a non-volatile or less-volatile material. b) To separate a mixture of two miscible liquids (liquids that mix in all proportions) with different boiling points. Equipment / Materials: large test tubes(3) clamp (1 or 2) ringstand boiling chips test tube rack (1) heating mantle glass adaptor thermometer adaptor 10-mL graduated cylinder condenser (1 or 2) grease 50- mL round bottom flask 50-
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Assistant: Lauren February 7‚ 2015 Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to determine the molar mass of an unknown solid. The freezing point of a solvent (Cyclohexane) was determined‚ and compare to the freezing point of Cyclohexane with the addition of two different concentration of unknown solid. The pure substance of Cyclohexane has defined physical properties. However‚ when a solute is added these properties are determined by the amount of solute added‚ also known as colligative properties
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ranged from about 77 degrees in fraction 1 to about 89 degrees in the fraction 10. Next‚ the toluene stayed relatively the same temperature throughout the first 6 fractions at around 69 degrees and then drastically shot up to 100 degrees by the end of fraction 10. This is due to hexane having a lower boiling point and being able to steadily increase through each fraction evenly as temperature rises while the toluene‚ because of its higher boiling component‚ needed the higher temperature in order for higher
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f Fractional Distillation of a Solution Results 1. On a single graph‚ plot boiling point versus volume of distillate curves for the two distillations of the cyclohexane/toluene solutions (one from the simple distillation experiment and one from the fractional distillation experiment). The graph is to be computer generated and presentation quality (e.g.‚ appropriately scaled and labeled axes‚ descriptive title‚ and discernable data points). The data points are to be connected with a smooth
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DISTILLATION HISTORY • Distilling was used as early as 3500 BC in Mesopotamia where perfume makers had developed it as a technique for isolating the scented oils of flowers and plants‚ what we know as “attar”. • Around 1100 AD wine was first distilled to make spirit by Irish monks who travelled around Europe. • The results of distillation were considered to have magical powers and this led to alcohol being called “water of life” or “usige beatha” in Gaelic‚ “eau de vie” in French
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Paper chromatography is one of the easiest methods of chromatography. It is a method of planar chromatography (stationary phase is in form of a plane). Paper chromatography follows the basic principle of chromatography‚ which states that substances or components are distributed in between the stationary phase and the mobile phase. It is an analytical technique‚ where only a small amount of a sample is used for separating and identifying its components. Like any other method of chromatography‚ paper
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The process of distillation is commonly used to purify liquids. The process of distillation allows separation of distillates based on the temperatures at which they boil. Liquids with higher volatility boil at lower rates than liquids that are less volatile. Because of this when a mixture of two substances is created there will be a spike in the boiling point. At the spike the more volatile substance has vaporized and condense out of the mixture leaving the less volatile liquid. Thus the temperature
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Mr. Sousa Organic Chemistry ACL 8 January 2015 Chromatography Chromatography is a physical method of separating substances based on their properties‚ by distributing their components between a mobile and stationary phase. Chromatography is useful for observing mixtures and solvents‚ since it can be used to determine the relative bond strength of various compounds‚ a substances phase‚ and it can also the identity of unknown substances. Chromatography allows for the separation of chemical mixtures
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room temperature but soluble if heated. Also tested was the reactivity of cyclohexane and cyclohexene in sulfuric acid which tested to prove reactivity between cyclohexene but not cyclohexane. Finally tested was the reaction between bromine and alkenes‚ which showed reaction between the more polar alkenes than non polar. Introduction
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