an aqueous solution sodium bromide. The sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst in converting the OH functional group of butanol‚ to a better leaving group. In order for this reaction to synthesis 1-Bromobutane‚ four major methods refluxing‚ simple distillation‚ separation‚ and gravity filtration needs to be performed. Chemical Reaction: NaBr‚ H2SO4 NaBr‚ H2SO4 Apparatus: Table of Physical Constants and Reagents: Name | MW | Grams Used | Moles | Density g/mL @ 25°C | Boiling Point°C
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the appearance of extremely effective medicines in modern times; natural extracts are still widely used in essential oils and aromatherapy. Essential oils are more widely used in modern products than one might expect - usually extracted through distillation‚ they are used to fragrance bathing products‚ incense‚ perfumes and cosmetics‚ as well as in some types of household cleaner. In terms of alternative medicine‚ essential oils are most frequently used today in aromatherapy. Essential oils re foun
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solvent to another. The process of washing the solutions by phase transfer was used in order to remove impurities from the main solvent layer. Finally‚ the crude product was dried with anhydrous Calcium chloride and purified once more by simple distillation technique. Results and Discussion: Main reaction(s) and Mechanism(s): Reaction: Mechanism: Table of Reactants and Products: Compound Formula weight Volume used (mL) Weight used (g) Moles used Moles required Other
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MIXTURES‚ SOLUTIONS‚ SUSPENSIONS AND COLLOIDS MIXTURES A mixture is a combination made up of two or more different substances which are mixed but are not chemically bonded. There are also types of mixtures such as homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous mixtures. SOLUTIONS A solution is defined as a homogeneous mixture composed of a solute; a substance dissolved into another substance known as a solvent. They can also be defined as groups of molecules that are mixed up completely in even
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simply asphalt. It is obtained by partial distillation of crude petroleum. In North America‚ bitumen is commonly known as “asphalt cement” or “asphalt”. It is a sticky‚ black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. The terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English‚ asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the carefully refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils. Outside the
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crystals. Caffeine can be prepared by extraction from natural sources or by synthesis from uric acid. The objectives involved in this experiment is to gain experience in using extraction as a method of separation‚ to assemble and use a simple distillation setup in the separation volatile substances from non-volatile materials‚ to determine the boiling pint of a liquid sample and to isolate caffeine from tea and gain experience in chemical laboratory manipulation of plant materials. II Materials
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Synthesis of Chloroform -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- With Calcium Hypochlorite and Acetone When chlorine is passed into boiling alcohol‚ both chlorination of the methyl group and oxidation of the primary alcohol group to an aldehyde occur‚ giving trichloro-acetaldehyde or chloral: When chloral is treated with caustic alkali‚ fission of the C-C linkage occurs‚ giving chloroform and a formate. Acetaldehyde and also many ketones‚ such as acetone
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Experiment 7 General Safety Considerations 1. 1-Butanol and 1-bromobutane are toxic and irritating. Avoid all contact by constantly wearing goggles‚ gloves and working in the hood. Neither of these compounds can be poured down the drain. Like all products‚ 1-bromobutane should be turned in to your TA in a labeled vial. Any excess butanol should be discarded in non-halogenated waste. 2. H2SO4 is extremely corrosive. In very diluted form it can be poured down the drain‚ all other precautions
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Introduction In this lab‚ caproic acid was synthesized in a multi-step process that involved the synthesis of three intermediates – diethyl n-butylmalonate‚ potassium n-butylmalonate‚ and n-butyl malonic acid respectively. An IR was used to characterize the starting material‚ n-bromobutane‚ and the first intermediate‚ diethyl n-butylmalonate; while IR and NMR were used to characterize the final product‚ caproic acid. Reactions‚ Mechanism and Theory Caproic acid a.k.a n-hexanoic acid is a carboxylic
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Production of an Injectable 2M Na2SO4 Solution JOHN SMITH ABSTRACT: As we head into the 21st century‚ the pharmaceutical industry requires more efficient processes for the production of excipients used in commercial injections. The following design attempts to maximize the production rate of a 2M sodium sulfate solution to 2000 gallons/day without compromising the purity required by the FDA of the solution. The design minimizes the quantity of moving parts using a single Mark III (Rev
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